• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.179-192
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• 2023

The world has watched the emergence of numerous animal viruses that may threaten animal health which were added to the perpetual growing list of animal pathogens. This emergence drew the attention of the experts and animal health groups to the fact that it has become necessary to work on vaccine development. The current review aims to explore the perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. This aim was fulfilled by focusing on modern technologies as well as next generation vaccines that have been introduced in the field of vaccines, either in clinical developments pending approval, or have already come to light and have been applied to animals with acceptable results such as viral-vectored vaccines, virus-like particles, and messenger RNA-based platforms. Besides, it shed the light on the importance of differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals technology in eradication programs of emerging viral diseases. The new science of nanomaterials was explored to elucidate its role in vaccinology. Finally, the role of Bioinformatics or Vaccinomics and its assist in vaccine designing and developments were discussed. The reviewing of the published manuscripts concluded that the use of conventional vaccines is considered an out-of-date approach in eliminating emerging diseases. However, these types of vaccines are considered the suitable plan especially in countries with few resources and capabilities. Piloted vaccines that rely on genetic-based technologies with continuous analyses of current viruses should be the aim of future vaccinology. Smart genomics of emerging viruses will be the gateway to choosing appropriate vaccines, regardless of the evolutionary rates of viruses.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.211-219
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• 1999

Most of the currently licensed viral and bacterial vaccines produced in the world are in state of antigen suspension and the immunogenicity of vaccines could be maintained for one or two years only by keeping in the refrigerator, but without refrigeration vaccines would easily lose their immunogenicites. In this study, as a step to develope the method of increasing the stability of vaccines and maintaining the immunogenicity of vaccines for a long time at room temperature or higher temperature, trehalose, glucose and lactose at different concentration were added into the Hantaan virus vaccines and then kept at $37^{\circ}C$ for 12, 24, 48 hours and at room temperature for seven days respectively. Treated vaccines were then inoculated respectively into ICR mice and the titers of antibody against the antigen of Hantaan virus from the mice sera were evaluated. Vaccine without sugar lost immunogenicity completely in 24 hour at $37^{\circ}C$, but the vaccines containing trehalose could maintain some of the immunogenicity even after exposure at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours and the best concentration of trehalose for maintaining the immunogenicities of vaccines was $7.5{\sim}10$ percent. The results suggest that addition of trehalose could increase the stability of Hantaan virus vaccine.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Since the 1980's, several kinds of inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines have been used to immunize domestic animals such as cattle and goat in Korea. Immunogenicity of the BVDV vaccines has been checked by the Korean Veterinary Authority using laboratory animals. In this study, we applied a molecular method to investigate the genetic characterization of the BVDV genes in six commercial inactivated BVDV vaccines, and determined the efficiency of two extraction reagents (i.e., sodium citrate or isopropyl myristate) to separate the vaccine antigens from the antigen/adjuvant complexes. Six partial non-coding regions (288 bp) were successfully amplified with specific primer sets, which demonstrated that sodium citrate is more efficient in extracting viral RNA from inactivated gel vaccines than isopropyl myristae. In addition, we identified the virus strains from the vaccines by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the 5' non-coding region (NCR) of BVDV. The nucleotide similarity of the partial 5' NCR ranged from 95.1 to 100% among BVDV vaccine strains, respectively, indicating that a few manufacturers used different BVDV strains to produce their vaccines.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.347-348
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• 2023

Vaccines help protect people from infections. However, Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinees often still become infected with COVID-19 variants (breakthrough infections) and may go on to suffer from long COVID symptoms due to short-lasting immunity and less-effective protection provided by available vaccines. Moreover, the current COVID-19 vaccines do not prevent viral transmission and ward off only about 15% of breakthrough infections. To prepare more effective vaccines, it is essential to predict the viral strains that will be circulating based on available epidemiological data. The World Health Organization recommends in advance which influenza strains are expected to be prevalent during influenza season to guide the production of influenza vaccines by pharmaceutical companies. However, future emerging COVID-19 strain(s) have not been possible to predict since no sound epidemiological information has been established. Thus, for more effective protection, immune stimulators alone or in combination with vaccines would be preferable to protect people from COVID-19 infection. One of those remedies would be ginseng, which has been used for potentiating immunity in the past.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2022

The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 led to inconsistent public health policies that resulted in COVID-19 containment failure. These factors resulted in increased hospitalization and death. To prevent viral spread and achieve herd immunity, the only safe and effective measure is to provide to vaccinates. Ever since the release of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleotide sequence in January of 2020, research centers and pharmaceutical companies from many countries have developed different types of vaccines including mRNA, recombinant protein, and viral vector vaccines. Prior to initiating vaccinations, phase 3 clinical trials are necessary. However, no vaccine has yet to complete a phase 3 clinical trial. Many products obtained "emergency use authorization" from governmental agencies such as WHO, FDA etc. The Korean government authorized the use of five different vaccines. The viral vector vaccine of Oxford/AstraZeneca and the Janssen showed effectiveness of 76% and 66.9%, respectively. The mRNA vaccine of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna showed effectiveness of 95% and 94.1%, respectively. The protein recombinant vaccine of Novavax showed an effectiveness of 90.4%. In this review, we compared the characteristics, production platform, synthesis principles, authorization, protective effects, immune responses, clinical trials and adverse effects of five different vaccines currently used in Korea. Through this review, we conceptualize the importance of selecting the optimal vaccine to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 1997

Most of the current licenced hepatitis B vaccines are being produced by recombinant DNA technology in large fermentation cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of yeast cells which carry the gene coded for hepatitis B virus surface antigen. These vaccines are proved very effective clinically and the immunogenicity of vaccines could be maintained for a long time under refrigeration. To develope the stabilizer that could increase the stability of hepatitis B virus vaccine which could be stored for a long period at room temperature or higher conditions, glucose, lactose and sucrose solutions in phosphate buffered saline were added into hepatitis B vaccine respectively to make 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% final concentration in vaccines. These sugar-vaccine mixtures were stored at room temperature for one month, two months and three months respectively and then inoculated into ICR mice intramuscularly. On the fourteenth day after inoculation, mice were bled and sera were tested for the evaluation of efficacies of vaccines. The results showed that 5% glucose, 7.5% lactose and sucrose increased the stability of vaccines in some degree and this method could be applied for the production of other viral vaccines and bacterial vaccines.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.644-649
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• 2019

Killed vaccines, developed by inactivation with formalin, have been investigated for many fish viruses. In this study, the inactivation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) by formalin was investigated based on the infectivity titer. When viral cell culture supernatants were used, the infectivity titer decreased 1,000-fold at 1 d after treatment with 0.1% (v/v) formalin, but was below the detection limit at 7 and 14 d. Moreover, neither the N nor G gene were detectable by RT-PCR immediately after formalin treatment. In western blot analysis, N protein was not detected by rabbit antiserum against VHSV KR-9225 from 2 d after formalin treatment. On the other hand, when we used a virus that was purified and concentrated ~100 times, the infectivity titer was maintained at 10^6.05 TCID₅₀/mL, even at 14 d after formalin treatment, and no change in the viral structural proteins was observed. This study provides important data on the production and use of formalin-inactivated vaccines.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.746-753
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• 2023

바이러스성 전염병은 전 세계 공중 보건에 가장 큰 위협 중 하나로 간주된다. 최근 중증급성호흡기증후군 코로나바이러스-2(SARS-CoV-2)로 인한 COVID-19 대유행은 신종 바이러스 감염의 위협을 극명하게 상기시켜 주었다. 효율적인 백신과 치료제 개발 및 생산은 팬데믹을 퇴치할 수 있는 유일한 대안일 것이며 COVID-19 대유행은 새로운 바이러스성 질병을 통제하고 예방하기 위한 새로운 백신 플랫폼의 필요성을 보여주었다. 기존의 백신 플랫폼인 약독화 생백신, 불활성화 백신은 백신 개발 속도, 제조 등이 광범위한 백신 적용을 위한 긴급 사용에 한계가 있다. 흥미롭게도, COVID-19 예방을 위한 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-지질나노입자(LNP) 플랫폼은 기존 백신 플랫폼 한계에 대한 효과적인 대안임이 확인되었다. 또한 COVID-19 mRNA 핵산 백신과 나노입자 기반 플랫폼은 SARS-CoV-2 및 변종 SARS-CoV-2 모두에 효과적인 백신임이 확인되었다. 이 논문에서는 mRNA 백신, 디지털 백신 및 나노입자백신 등의 차세대 백신 플랫폼을 중점으로 백신 기술 및 플랫폼의 장단점에 대해 기술하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2023

The fast development of vaccines against the novel coronavirus disease is among the most critical steps taken to control this potentially fatal viral disease. Like other vaccines, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines can also cause unwanted reactions. Erythema multiforme (EM) is among the oral mucocutaneous side effects of COVID-19 vaccines. This study aimed to comprehensively review the reported cases of EM since the global onset of COVID-19 vaccination. Data from 31 relevant studies regarding the type and dose of COVID-19 vaccines administered, time of initiation of symptoms, age, and gender of patients, site of involvement, patients' medical history, and treatment options were extracted. In total, 90 patients were identified with EM as a side effect of COVID-19 vaccination across studies. EM had the highest frequency after receiving the first dose of mRNA vaccines in older individuals. The first symptoms of EM appeared in less than 3 days in 45% and after 3 days in 55% of patients. EM is not a common side effect of COVID-19 vaccination, and fear of its occurrence should not impede vaccination.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2015

Akabane and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) viruses cause vector-borne diseases. In this study, inactivated Akabane virus (AKAV)+Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) vaccines with or without recombinant vibrio flagellin (revibFlaB) protein were expressed in a baculovirus expression system to measure their safety and immunogenicity. Blood was collected from mice, guinea pigs, sows, and cattle that had been inoculated with the vaccine twice. Inactivated AKAV+BEFV vaccine induced high virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) titer against AKAV and BEFV in mice and guinea pigs. VNA titers against AKAV were higher in mice and guinea pigs immunized with the inactivated AKAV+BEFV vaccine than in animals inoculated with vaccine containing revibFlaB protein. Inactivated AKAV+BEFV vaccine elicited slightly higher VNA titers against AKAV and BEFV than the live AKAV and live BEFV vaccines in mice and guinea pigs. In addition, the inactivated AKAV+BEFV vaccine was safe, and induced high VNA titers, ranging from 1 : 64 to 1 : 512, against both AKAV and BEFV in sows and cattle. Moreover, there were no side effects observed in any treated animals. These results indicate that the inactivated AKAV+BEFV vaccine could be used in cattle with high immunogenicity and good safety.