• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.261-270
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• 2016

The human immune system has evolved to fight against foreign pathogens. It plays a central role in the body's defense mechanism. However, the immune memory geared to fight off a previously recognized pathogen, tends to remember an original form of the pathogen when a variant form subsequently invades. This has been termed 'original antigenic sin'. This adverse immunological effect can alter vaccine effectiveness and sometimes cause enhanced pathogenicity or additional inflammatory responses, according to the type of pathogen and the circumstances of infection. Here we aim to give a simplified conceptual understanding of virus infection and original antigenic sin by comparing and contrasting the two examples of recurring infections such as influenza and dengue viruses in humans.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 2022

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is one of the most serious viral diseases affecting farmed olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Asian countries. VHS, caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), occurs in over 80 different cultured and wild fish species worldwide. Our previous study demonstrated that VHSV infection can be restricted by adjusting the water temperature to over 17℃ from the host optima. We confirmed that the effective VHSV immersion vaccine treatment was a tissue culture infection dose (TCID) of 10^5.5 TCID₅₀/mL at 17℃. However, the safety of live VHSV immersion vaccines remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to 1) demonstrate the safety of the live VHSV immersion vaccine under co-habitant conditions and 2) estimate the pathogenicity of VHSV in live VHSV-vaccinated flounder at 10℃. No mortality was observed in olive flounder treated with the live VHSV immersion vaccine, and the vaccinated flounder challenged with VHSV did not transfer VHSV to naïve fish at 10℃ through cohabitation. VHSV titration was below the detection limit (< 1.3 log TCID₅₀/mL) in live VHSV immersion vaccine-treated flounder challenged with VHSV at 10℃. This study demonstrated that flounder treated with the live VHSV immersion vaccine were resistant to VHSV infection, and the live vaccine was also safe for naïve fish even at a water temperature known to be VHS infectious.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.179-192
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• 2023

The world has watched the emergence of numerous animal viruses that may threaten animal health which were added to the perpetual growing list of animal pathogens. This emergence drew the attention of the experts and animal health groups to the fact that it has become necessary to work on vaccine development. The current review aims to explore the perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. This aim was fulfilled by focusing on modern technologies as well as next generation vaccines that have been introduced in the field of vaccines, either in clinical developments pending approval, or have already come to light and have been applied to animals with acceptable results such as viral-vectored vaccines, virus-like particles, and messenger RNA-based platforms. Besides, it shed the light on the importance of differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals technology in eradication programs of emerging viral diseases. The new science of nanomaterials was explored to elucidate its role in vaccinology. Finally, the role of Bioinformatics or Vaccinomics and its assist in vaccine designing and developments were discussed. The reviewing of the published manuscripts concluded that the use of conventional vaccines is considered an out-of-date approach in eliminating emerging diseases. However, these types of vaccines are considered the suitable plan especially in countries with few resources and capabilities. Piloted vaccines that rely on genetic-based technologies with continuous analyses of current viruses should be the aim of future vaccinology. Smart genomics of emerging viruses will be the gateway to choosing appropriate vaccines, regardless of the evolutionary rates of viruses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Since the 1980's, several kinds of inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines have been used to immunize domestic animals such as cattle and goat in Korea. Immunogenicity of the BVDV vaccines has been checked by the Korean Veterinary Authority using laboratory animals. In this study, we applied a molecular method to investigate the genetic characterization of the BVDV genes in six commercial inactivated BVDV vaccines, and determined the efficiency of two extraction reagents (i.e., sodium citrate or isopropyl myristate) to separate the vaccine antigens from the antigen/adjuvant complexes. Six partial non-coding regions (288 bp) were successfully amplified with specific primer sets, which demonstrated that sodium citrate is more efficient in extracting viral RNA from inactivated gel vaccines than isopropyl myristae. In addition, we identified the virus strains from the vaccines by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the 5' non-coding region (NCR) of BVDV. The nucleotide similarity of the partial 5' NCR ranged from 95.1 to 100% among BVDV vaccine strains, respectively, indicating that a few manufacturers used different BVDV strains to produce their vaccines.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.211-219
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• 1999

Most of the currently licensed viral and bacterial vaccines produced in the world are in state of antigen suspension and the immunogenicity of vaccines could be maintained for one or two years only by keeping in the refrigerator, but without refrigeration vaccines would easily lose their immunogenicites. In this study, as a step to develope the method of increasing the stability of vaccines and maintaining the immunogenicity of vaccines for a long time at room temperature or higher temperature, trehalose, glucose and lactose at different concentration were added into the Hantaan virus vaccines and then kept at $37^{\circ}C$ for 12, 24, 48 hours and at room temperature for seven days respectively. Treated vaccines were then inoculated respectively into ICR mice and the titers of antibody against the antigen of Hantaan virus from the mice sera were evaluated. Vaccine without sugar lost immunogenicity completely in 24 hour at $37^{\circ}C$, but the vaccines containing trehalose could maintain some of the immunogenicity even after exposure at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours and the best concentration of trehalose for maintaining the immunogenicities of vaccines was $7.5{\sim}10$ percent. The results suggest that addition of trehalose could increase the stability of Hantaan virus vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.110-116
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• 2000

Duck viral hepatitis is an acutic, highly infectious viral disease of young ducklings. The most practical means for controlling duck viral hepatitis is the vaccination of ducklings or of a breeding stock. We attempted to develop a vaccine strain of duck hepatitis virus (DHV) using a Korean isolate by serial chicken embryo passages. The propagation of DHV in chicken embryos was carried 140 passages. After the $50^{th}$ passage, of which the virus was non-pathogenic for ducklings, approximately every $20^{th}$ passage of the virus was tested for vaccinal efficacy. Both the $70^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ passage of the virus gave good protection against challenge infection to a DHV-DRL reference strain(type 1) and a virulent Korean isolate. The $110^{th}$, $125^{th}$ and $140^{th}$ passage of the virus were less protective than the $70^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ passage, which means that more than $110^{th}$ passage may lead to over-attenuation of the virus. Ducklings vaccinated with the chicken-embryo-adapted virus by oral, intramuscular or eye drop administration showed earlier resistance to challenge infection from 3 to 7 days postvaccination. Of the above methods, ducklings vaccinated intramuscularly presented the most rapid resistance against challenge. The minimum immune dose of the chicken-embryo-adapted virus in ducklings was also studied. Ducklings inoculated with a dose of $10^{2.0}\;ELD_{50}$ and below were not fully protected against challenge with a virulent DHV, showing a protection rate of 67% to 73%, but ducklings inoculated with a dose of $10^{3.0}\;ELD_{50}$ and over were completely protected. The virus yield of the chicken-embryo-adapted DHV was examined at 24hrs and 48hrs of the incubation time in the allantoic fluid, embryo head and embryo minus head of the embryonating egg. In all three components, the titer of the virus was higher at 48 hours than that at 24 hours after incubation. And the titer of the virus was higher in the embryo minus head, embryo head and the allantoic fluid, in order. Field trials for evaluating the efficacy of the attenuated DHV as a live vaccine were done in duck farms with about 25% mortality of flocks resulting from duck viral hepatitis. After the use of the experimental vaccine, the mortality due to duck viral hepatitis was dramatically reduced in the farms. These results indicated that the attenuated DHV using a Korean isolate could be a good candidate as a live vaccine strain of DHV in Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1022-1029
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• 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health issue around the word. Adenovirus (Ad)-based vaccine and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine have emerged as two of the most promising immunization candidates over the past few years. However, the performance of the homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunization regimens of these two viral vector-based vaccines remains unclear. In the present study, we constructed recombinant Ad and MVA expressing an Ag85B-TB10.4 fusion protein (AdH4 and MVAH4) and evaluated the impact of their different immunization regimens on the humoral and cellular immune responses. We found that the viral vector-based vaccines could generate significantly higher levels of antigen-specific antibodies, $IFN-{\gamma}$-producing splenocytes, $CD69^+CD8^+$ T cells, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretion when compared with bacillus Calmette-$Gu{\acute{e}}rin$ (BCG) in a mouse model. AdH4-containing immunization regimens (AdH4-AdH4, AdH4-MVAH4, and MVAH4-AdH4) induced significantly stronger antibody responses, much more $IFN-{\gamma}$-producing splenocytes and $CD69^+CD8^+$ T cells, and higher levels of $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretion when compared with the MVAH4-MVAH4 immunization regimen. The number of $IFN-{\gamma}$-producing splenocytes sensitive to $CD8^+$ T-cell restricted peptides of Ag85B (9-1p and 9-2p) and Th1-related cytokines ($IFN-{\gamma}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$) in the AdH4-MVAH4 heterologous prime-boost regimen immunization group was significantly higher than that in the other viral vector-based vaccine- and BCG-immunized groups, respectively. These results indicate that an immunization regimen involving AdH4 may have a higher capacity to induce humoral and cellular immune responses against TB in mice than that by regimens containing BCG or MVAH4 alone, and the AdH4-MVAH4 prime-boost regimen may generate an ideal protective effect.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.89-89
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• 2000

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.43-45
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• 2007

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.265-290
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• 2023

Rare but serious thrombotic incidents in relation to thrombocytopenia, termed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), have been observed since the vaccine rollout, particularly among replication-defective adenoviral vector-based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine recipients. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed and summarized reported studies of VITT following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination to determine its prevalence, clinical characteristics, as well as its management. A literature search up to October 1, 2021 using PubMed and SCOPUS identified a combined total of 720 articles. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guideline, after screening the titles and abstracts based on the eligibility criteria, the remaining 47 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 29 studies were included. Findings revealed that VITT cases are strongly related to viral vector-based vaccines, which are the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (95%) and the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine (4%), with much rarer reports involving messenger RNA-based vaccines such as the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (0.2%) and the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (0.2%). The most severe manifestation of VITT is cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with 317 cases (70.4%) and the earliest primary symptom in the majority of cases is headache. Intravenous immunoglobulin and non-heparin anticoagulant are the main therapeutic options for managing immune responses and thrombosis, respectively. As there is emerging knowledge on and refinement of the published guidelines regarding VITT, this review may assist the medical communities in early VITT recognition, understanding the clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria as well as its management, offering a window of opportunity to VITT patients. Further larger sample size trials could further elucidate the link and safety profile.