• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2012

This study was carried out to illiminate the diversity of vascular plants by making list of rheophyte and hydorphyte plants at Yugu stream. This study was conducted from Aug., 2009 to Sept. 2010 at 7 points. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants from investigated areas were 88 families 229 genera 290 species 3 subspecies 30 varieties 5 forms, totally 328 taxa. Korean endemic plants were 3 species such as Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai (planted) and Paulownia coreana Uyeki (planted), and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey. The rare and endangered plants were designated by Korea Forest Service were 4 taxa, such as Penthorum chinense Pursh, Acorus calamus L., Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc. and Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai. Floristic special plants were totally 26 taxa, which were grade V of 2 taxa, grade IV of 2 taxa and grade III of 9 taxa. Naturalized plants were 27 taxa, that was 8.3% of whole discovered vascular plants in this area. Even naturalized plants has not influence on the vegetation of Yugu stream. Since village was composed along the stream and the roads and banks were linked, naturalized plants were flowed continuously into this region. So, strategy of the conservation for this region should be designed. Based on flora, 3 types of group were discriminated such as main stream type (4 points), branch stream type (2 points) and reservior type (1 point). Each group has difference in composition of plants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.49-63
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• 2012

The popular landscape paintings in Jaseon Dynasty had become the prototypes of the paradise of people and played the essential role in making the typical types of garden in those times. The representative types of the paintings include , , and etc. They made ways to produce the typical types of Joseon landscape gardens such as 'Dowon Type Gardens', 'Gugok Type Gardens', 'Prospect Type Gardens' and 'Gilji Type Gardens' etc. The types of garden above showed their landscape characteristics corresponding with the types of painting respectively. The 'Dowon Type Gardens' mostly located at the mountain valley showed enclosed landscape suited for refuge it corresponds with the composition of . The 'Gugok Type Gardens' mostly located at the long and winding valley composed of sequential sceneries with open and enclosed views corresponding with the composition of . The 'Prospect Type Gardens' located mostly m the hilly sites holds open views contrasting with the earlier types, and activated with the influence of . The 'Gilji Type Gardens' influenced by extended their territory beyond the main garden and made the vicinity areas, including the whole village, a paradise in respect with feng shui. Most of the garden types in Joseon Dynasty have alternated the bipolar characteristics of Prospect and Refuge in time and area respectively.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of spacial structure from rural space to urban space and to examine the characteristic of spacial restructure, focusing on the Hwamyeong-Dong of Buk-gu in Busan. Hwamyeong-Dong has changed from rural area to urban area because of spacial expansion owing to industrialization and urbanization. The unique natural environment, rural village, etc. were disappeared and instead the apartment complex, commercial building, and so on were built. For this reason, historic and concrete place were vanished and so the spacial homogenization and uniformization were formed centering around apartment complex. But the singularity of Hwamyeong-Dong exposes in the way that unique history, custom and memory, trace of Hwamyeong-Dong preserved through the support and effort of the residents and that the Daechen stream changed to ecological stream. In addition, Hwamyeong-Dong altered heterogeneous, multi-layered urban space from homogeneous rural space in terms of the apartment supply sectors and scale, the distribution and kind of commercial facility, residents's composition. This has brought about the subdivision, hierarchization of the space as well as the residence, education, culture. Especially, Hwamyeong3-Dong that built to large scale apartment complex are significantly different from Hwamyeong2-Dong. Hwamyeong2-Dong is marginalizing step by step. However, It is found that the residents in Hwamyeong2-Dong are making an effort for liveable place with ecological residential community and educational cultural community as the center.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.763-774
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• 2021

The COVID-19 virus has generated major shockwaves in all spheres of human life since its outbreak. Maritime transport (both cargo and passenger) is one of the industries most heavily affected, yet over 80% of the world cargo is transported by sea. This study analyzes maritime port operational efficiencies before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to determine whether the pandemic has caused major differences in the operational efficiencies of many leading Asian maritime container ports via data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results of both the CCR and BCC models reveal that overall, efficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic has been higher than before the pandemic despite a few inefficiencies. This implies that the pandemic has so far not has major consequences for the operational efficiency of maritime ports. However, two ports (Busan and Guangzhou) should adjust the scale sizes and technical capacities of their operations to improve performance.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.129-152
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to develop a sustainable dietary education program for middle school home economics subject using a teaching strategy to improve the empowerment of adolescents and to verify and evaluate the effectiveness of the program. To achieve the purpose of this study, the program was developed and evaluated according to the ADDIE teaching design model. The contents related to the dietary area were extracted from the technical & home economics curriculum of the 2015 revised middle school and SDGs, and their relevance was analyzed to select the contents of dietary education. The program developed based on the analysis results is 'dietary life together' and consists of five learning topics: 'living together in the global village', 'maintaining healthy diet', 'creating a dietary culture together', 'living with nature and people', and 'maintaining a safe diet'. As a strategy for improving empowerment, we presented four situations, each of which represents value judgment, prediction of results, responsible behavior choice, and decision making. The developed program was reviewed by experts and applied to 17 unit classes for 17 weeks (1 unit hour per week) to the third graders of middle schools in Gyeonggi-do. Significant differences were found between before and after the class measurements of the personal empowerment and the political and social empowerment, which shows the classes were effective in improving empowerment. However, since there was no significant difference in interpersonal empowerment before and after the program, suggestions were made to utilize strategies to facilitate discussion and cooperative learning when implementing the program. The students who participated in the class evaluated the program positively as a whole. The program was evaluated to have helped the students believe they could change society through solving dietary problems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

Korea's natural parks are managed by dividing them into four use districts: nature preservation district, natural environment district, cultural heritage district, and park village district within the park under the goal of 'conservation and sustainable use of natural parks'. However, the use districts divided in this way are designated by reflecting the results derived from the simple drawing overlapping method, and there is a limit in that objective and scientific evidence for this is insufficient. In addition, in Taeanhaean National Park, the case of this study, only a very small area of less than 1% of the nature preservation district is designated, and the natural environment district that serves as a buffer space is designated on an excessively wide scale, making it difficult to efficiently manage the national park. Therefore, the use district is not fulfilling its role. In this study, the purpose of this study was to present a method for analyzing the spatial characteristics of natural parks using environmental indicators and unsupervised learning analysis methods to set the use districts of natural parks. In this study, evaluation indicators that can evaluate the natural and human environments were derived, and the distribution patterns for each indicator were analyzed. Afterwards, by applying Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analysis, one of the unsupervised learning analysis methods, districts with similar characteristics were derived in Taeanhaean National Park, and the characteristics of each district were analyzed. As a result of the study, 7 districts with different characteristics were derived in Taeanhaean National Park, and by examining the contribution of each indicator together, it was possible to reveal that each district had different representative characteristics even though it was an adjacent area. This study evaluated natural parks by comprehensively considering the indicators of the natural and human environments. In addition, the SOM method used in the study is meaningful in that it can provide scientific and objective grounds for the existing zoning and apply it to the management plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.90-102
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• 2012

Sansuyucheop by Heojoobugun(虛舟府君) as the subject of this study is a 십이-width picture album by the eldest grandson of 11 generations for Goseong Lee family, Lee Jong Ak(李宗岳: 1726-1773), a figure having five habits(五癖) for ancient documents(古書癖), playing the gayageum(彈琴癖), flowering plant(花卉癖), paintings and calligraphic works(書畵癖) and boating(舟遊癖) etc., who boated with 18 relatives, and those by marriage from old home, home of mother's side, wife's home, and his home for 5 days Apr. 4 through 8, 1763, starting from Imcheonggak, through Yangjeong(羊汀), Chiltan(七灘), Sabin Auditorium(泗濱書院), Seonchang(船倉), Nakyeon(落淵), Seonchal(仙刹), Seonyujeong(仙遊亭), Mongseongak(夢仙閣), Baekwoonjeong(白雲亭) and Naeap Village(川前里), Iho(伊湖), Seoeodae(鮮魚帶) to the returning point, Bangujeong(伴鷗亭), cruised magnificent views around Banbyeoncheon called 'Andong 8 Gyeong' or 'Imhagugok', and whenever the boat anchored, appreciated the scenery at each point, and enjoyed and loved arts playing the geomungo. This study reached following findings through grasping physical, ecological, visual and aesthetic changes about the places, sceneries, plant elements and past and current scenery of the width pictures expressed at this Sansuyucheop. The refinement on the boat seeing the clear river water, white sand beach, fantastically-shaped cliffs expressed at this Sansuyucheop, exchanging poems and calligraphies, and enjoying the geomungo is a good example displaying the play culture of high-class in Joseon Dynasty. Also construction of Imha Dam and Andong Dam has caused serious visual and ecological changes, making us not enable to feel the original mood of the background spots such as Yangjeonggwabeom(羊汀過帆), Chiltanhuseon(七灘候船), Sasubeomjoo(泗水泛舟), Seonchanggyeram(船倉繫纜), Nakyeonmosaek(落淵莫色), Mangcheonguido(輞川歸棹), Ihojeongdo(伊湖停棹), but only discern then landscape or sentiment through the landscape described at the canvas. The 1st picture(Donghohaeram, 東湖解纜), and the 11th picture(Seoeobanjo, 鮮魚返照) of Heojoobugun's Sansuyucheop expressed trees thought to be fallen, brad-leaf tall trees, and the 9th picture(Unjeongpungbeom, 雲亭風帆) formed a pine forest called 'Gaeho(開湖)' by Uncheongong planting 1,000 pine trees with the village people in 1617. In addition, Seunggyeongdo expressed ever-green needle leaf trees at the natural topography, and fallen-leaf tall trees around the pavilion and building. Comparative consideration of Heojoobugun's Sansuyucheop and Shinam's Dongyusipsogi(東遊十小記) showed that the location of Samgok is assumed to be Macheon and Chiltan, so Imhagugok is assumed to start from Baekunjeong of Ilgok, Igok from Imcheon and Imcheon auditorium, Samgok from Mangcheon and Chiltan, Sagok from Sabin Auditorium of Sasoo, Ogok from Songseok, Yukgok from Sooseok of Seonchang, Chilgok from Nakyeonhyeonryu, Palgok from Seonchalsa and Seonyoojeong, and Gugok from Pyong Yuheo. This study can be significant in that it could clarify that Heojoobugun's Sansuyucheop is judged to be valuable in exquisitively expressing the coast of Banbyeon River, the biggest branch stream in the Nakdong River at the latter half of Joseon Dynasty, and as a vital diagrammatical historical data to make a comparative analysis of currently rarely-seen ancestors' life traces and landscape factors with present ones.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.61-80
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• 2011

This study estimated the prototype of Yangjindang at the time of its foundation by putting together the literature and discovered data and historical research on family related to Sangju Yangjindang, and looked at its architectural characteristics. These are summarized as follows: First, Yangjindang is an office building which was completed in three years [1629] after its start of construction when Keomgan Jojeong was at the age of 72 [1626] in his latter days and it was used for performing ancestral rites for Jojeong's forefathers of the head family of Pungyang Jo by family origin. Yangjindang was founded as a base of utopia for putting ancestral rites & commemoration, harmoniousness of a tribe, and educational idea into practice together with Ojakdang. Such a movement can be judged to interpret and apply the circumstances of the times realistically and flexibly where they tried to pursue the promotion of Confucianism & studies of the proprieties as well as the consciousness of practice, and to bring a tribe into harmony after the war through the retirement of Toegye School. Second, it is located at a topographically ideal spot on the edge of the Jangcheon-a tributary of Nakdong with a good physiology and landscape and its location was also the lot for a house of Jojeong's ancestor, which was burned down by war. Behind such a location and planning of Yangjindang, it is presumed, though not certain that it was modelled after Naeap village at Andong- Jojeong's parents-in-low's home. Third, as for its foundation size, it's a head house as much as about more than 100-kan, and its structure is composed of Samyo, Bonche, and Yangjindang. In addition, arrangements of buildings and its composition system and renovation procedures followed Chu-tzu Garyoe. Composition of Samyo can be restored to Yangjindang, Jugo, Woesammun, and Samyo; however, there has been no case of existence in case of Jugo building composition & arrangement takes on an aspect of a compromise between Gamyojido and Sandangjido of Garoe, which seems to be the result from flexibly interpreting and applying the rituals and studies of the proprieties of Toegye School in keeping with locational topography and realistic circumstances while making it a principle for them to observe by Toegye School. There exists a difference between Bonche and its counterpart of the upper class housing at Sangju district in that Bonche[main building] is a squre-shaped 'Ttuljip' typical of Andong setting a family ancestral ritual as a main function. Fourth, there existed a lot of hardships in raising money to cover repairs in time of doing repairs to this structure after 180 years since its establishment. In case of the repair work on Bonche, the level of renovation was limited to the replacement of old materials for rafters, doorpost, roof members and railings with new materials, together with partial alterations in case of window system. It is estimated that Yangjindang was renovated in 1808, and afterwards it was renamed Okryujeong after being re-built at another site. Through the repairs, the floor was expanded for the clan's meeting, and angle rafters and roof members were mended as well. Especially, the plane and structure of Okryujeong which was re-built at another site are expected to give clues to its restoration due to the resemblance to original appearance of Yangjindang at the time of its renovation in 1808.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2007

1. Purpose Rural tourism is made by individuals with different characteristics, needs and wants. It is important to have information on the characteristics and preferences of the consumers of the different types of existing rural accommodation. The stud aims to identify the determinants of consumer preference by type of accommodations. 2. Methodology 2.1 Sample Data were collected from 1000 people by telephone survey with three-stage stratified random sampling in seven metropolitan areas in Korea. Respondents were chosen by sampling internal on telephone book published in 2006. We surveyed from four to ten-thirty 0'clock afternoon so as to systematic sampling considering respondents' life cycle. 2.2 Two-step cluster Analysis Our study is accomplished through the use of a two-step cluster method to classify the accommodation in a reduced number of groups, so that each group constitutes a type. This method had been suggested as appropriate in clustering large data sets with mixed attributes. The method is based on a distance measure that enables data with both continuous and categorical attributes to be clustered. This is derived from a probabilistic model in which the distance between two clusters in equivalent to the decrease in log-likelihood function as a result of merging. 2.3 Multinomial Logit Analysis The estimation of a Multionmial Logit model determines the characteristics of tourist who is most likely to opt for each type of accommodation. The Multinomial Logit model constitutes an appropriate framework to explore and explain choice process where the choice set consists of more than two alternatives. Due to its ease and quick estimation of parameters, the Multinomial Logit model has been used for many empirical studies of choice in tourism. 3. Findings The auto-clustering algorithm indicated that a five-cluster solution was the best model, because it minimized the BIC value and the change in them between adjacent numbers of clusters. The accommodation establishments can be classified into five types: Traditional House, Typical Farmhouse, Farmstay house for group Tour, Log Cabin for Family, and Log Cabin for Individuals. Group 1 (Traditional House) includes mainly the large accommodation establishments, i.e. those with ondoll style room providing meals and one shower room on family tourist, of original construction style house. Group 2 (Typical Farmhouse) encompasses accommodation establishments of Ondoll rooms and each bathroom providing meals. It includes, in other words, the tourist accommodations Known as "rural houses." Group 3 (Farmstay House for Group) has accommodation establishments of Ondoll rooms not providing meals and self cooking facilities, large room size over five persons. Group 4 (Log Cabin for Family) includes mainly the popular accommodation establishments, i.e. those with Ondoll style room with on shower room on family tourist, of western styled log house. While the accommodations in this group are not defined as regards type of construction, the group does include all the original Korean style construction, Finally, group 5 (Log Cabin for Individuals)includes those accommodations that are bedroom western styled wooden house with each bathroom. First Multinomial Logit model is estimated including all the explicative variables considered and taking accommodation group 2 as base alternative. The results show that the variables and the estimated values of the parameters for the model giving the probability of each of the five different types of accommodation available in rural tourism village in Korea, according to the socio-economic and trip related characteristics of the individuals. An initial observation of the analysis reveals that none of variables income, the number of journey, distance, and residential style of house is explicative in the choice of rural accommodation. The age and accompany variables are significant for accommodation establishment of group 1. The education and rural residential experience variables are significant for accommodation establishment of groups 4 and 5. The expenditure and marital status variables are significant for accommodation establishment of group 4. The gender and occupation variable are significant for accommodation establishment of group 3. The loyalty variable is significant for accommodation establishment of groups 3 and 4. The study indicates that significant differences exist among the individuals who choose each type of accommodation at a destination. From this investigation is evident that several profiles of tourists can be attracted by a rural destination according to the types of existing accommodations at this destination. Besides, the tourist profiles may be used as the basis for investment policy and promotion for each type of accommodation, making use in each case of the variables that indicate a greater likelihood of influencing the tourist choice of accommodation.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.77-97
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the sustainable housing teaching-learning process plan aimed to achieve the global SDGs through home economics class in middle school that is based on the ADDIE model. The overall objective of the plan was to contribute to cultivating students' sustainable housing values and to creating sustainable lifestyle through everyday practice. The plan consisting of 4 lessons contained various activity and visual resources(4 individual and 4 team activity sheets, 4 reading texts, 1 homework sheet and 1 evaluation sheet, and 7 videos) for students and (4 sets of ppt and 4 reading texts) for teachers. The theme and team activities of each lesson were related to 2~7 targets of 2~3 SDGs, in total 11 targets of 5 SDGs. The plan was implemented to 4 classes of 127 senior students at Y middle school in Cheongju city during the period from the 29^th of August to the 18^th of September, 2019. The results showed that students were very positive and highly satisfied with not only practical contents but also adequacy of resources and activities of the whole 4-lessons, so that they actively participated in the lessons more than usual and looked forward to learning more about it. They thoroughly enjoyed various team activities such as brain writing, mandal art, visual thinking, making UCC, and planning the sustainable village as well as writing a short reflective journal at the end of each lesson. Students also reported that they highly accomplished the goal of each lesson and the overall objective. It could be concluded that the teaching-learning process plan of 4-lessons could contribute to cultivating students' sustainable housing values and to creating sustainable lifestyle through practicing everyday life. It indicates that home economics is one of the major subjects to contribute to the attainment of global issue of SDGs for OECD education 2030 and to educate the practically acting global citizen.