• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2014

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of detoxification enzymes that primarily catalyze the nucleophilic addition of reduced glutathione to both endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. In this study, we isolated and characterized a full-length of alpha class GST cDNA from the abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The abalone GST cDNA encodes a 223-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 25.8 kDa and isoelectric point of 5.69. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis with the deduced abalone GST protein revealed that it belongs to the alpha class GSTs and showed strong homology with disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus) putative alpha class GST. Abalone GST mRNA was ubiquitously detected in all tested tissues. GST mRNA expression was comparatively high in the mantle, gill, liver, and digestive duct, however, lowest in the hemocytes. Expression level of abalone GST mRNA in the mantle, gill, liver, and digestive duct was 182.7-fold, 114.8-fold, 4675.8-fold, 406.1-fold higher than in the hemocytes, respectively. Expression level of abalone GST mRNA in the liver was peaked at 6 h post-infection with Vibrio parahemolyticus and decreased at 12 h post-infection. While the expression level of abalone GST mRNA in the hemocytes was drastically increased at 3 h post-infection with Vibrio parahemolyticus. These results suggest that abalone GST is conserved through evolution and may play roles similar to its mammalian counterparts.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial activity of Maesil (Japanese apricot, Prunus mume) extract against Vibrio vulnificus. The strains tested in the study were 28 V. vulnificus isolates originated from fish, seawater, mud flat and seawater in fish restaurant. The vvhA gene was detected using real-time PCR and biochemical identification expressed above good identification in 28 isolates of V. vulnificus. All of V. vulnificus used in this study was susceptible to tetracycline and chloramphenicol antibiotics. These two antibiotics were considered to be useful for the treatment of patients. Maesil extracts 2.5% and 5% showed antimicrobial activity against V. cholerae NCCP 13589 and V. parahemolyticus NCCP 11143. V. vulnificus isolate and V. vulnificus NCCP 11135 showed growth inhibition at 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% of Maesil extract, respectively. Compared with V. cholerae and V. parahemolyticus, the antibacterial activity of Maesil extract against V. vulnificus was high. The minimum bactericidal concentration of Maesil extract for V. vulnificus was 1.6%. These results revealed that Maesil extract was found to be very useful for inhibiting the growth of V. vulnificus and can be expected to prevent food poisoning caused by V. vulnificus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2003

Antibacterial activities of Chinese cabbage kimchi juice were determined against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 and Enterobater cloacae ATCC 13047. It was found out that 2% content of Chinese cabbage kimchi juice reduced the colony numbers of Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Enterobater cloacae ATCC 13047, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p and Vibrio parahemolyticus ATCC 17802 by 63%, 72%, 76% and 90%, respectively. 6% content of Chinese cabbage kimchi Juice completly inactivated Vibrio parahaemolyticus. But at the same content (6%) of Chinese cabbage kimchi juice, colony number of Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 Enterobater cloacae ATCC 13047 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p were reduced to 11%, 10% & 9%, respectively.10% Chinese cabbage kimchi juice had 100% inhibitory effect on all test bacteria. Therefore, Chinese cabbage kimchi has effective antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 and Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1382-1388
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• 2008

Antimicrobial activities of green tea extracts used for coarse tea were investigated by disc diffusion method using eight different bacteria. Among the green tea extracts, the 70% ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activities against Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and thus was further fractionated. Among these fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against V. parahemolyticus, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). These activities exceeded that of all extracts and fractions tested in this study. Interestingly, although green tea extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), once fractionated, the ethyl acetate fraction did not show any antimicrobial activity against M. luteus. MICs of the ethyl acetate fraction were $5\;\;{\mu}L$/disc against B. subtilis and $3\;{\mu}L$/disc against S. aureus, S. mutans and V. parahaemolyticus. 90% inhibition of B. subtilis was observed with 0.05% ethyl acetate fraction but S. mutans needed over 0.1% ethyl acetate fraction to exhibit the same inhibition as B. subtilis. Antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate fractions were reduced around 10% by thermal treatment at $121^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. All the results suggest that the 70% ethanol extract as well as the ethyl acetate fraction from green tea used for coarse tea could be further developed into a natural antimicrobial agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1291-1300
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• 2014

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that participate in a variety of biological processes, including $H_2O_2$-mediated signal transduction, molecular chaperoning, and mitochondrial function. In this study, we isolated and characterized a Prx 2 cDNA from abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The abalone Prx 2 cDNA encoded a 199-amino acid polypeptide that belongs to a class of typical 2-Cys Prxs that contain peroxidatic and resolving cysteines. The deduced abalone Prx 2 protein showed strong homology (64-99%) with Prx 2 proteins from other species, including mollusk, fish, amphibians, and mammals, and it was most closely related to disk abalone (H. discus discus) Prx 2. Abalone Prx 2 mRNA was ubiquitously detected in tested tissues, and its expression was comparatively high in the mantle, gills, liver, foot, and digestive duct. The expression level of abalone Prx 2 mRNA was 106.7-fold, 51.9-fold, and 437.8-fold higher, respectively, in the gills, digestive duct, and liver than in the muscles. The expression level of abalone Prx 2 mRNA in the liver peaked at 6 hr postinfection with Vibrio parahemolyticus and decreased at 12 hr postinfection. The expression level of abalone Prx 2 mRNA in hemocytes was drastically increased at 1 hr postinfection with V. parahemolyticus. These results suggest that abalone Prx 2 is conserved through evolution and that it may play a role similar to that of its mammalian counterpart.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.534-538
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• 2002

To investigate the antimicrobial effects of Scutellariae Radix extract against Vibrio parahaemolyticus from food samples, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from Tapes philippinarum were examined for their sensitivity to Scutellariae Radix extract. Total 66 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from Tapes philippinarm 72 samples (91.7%). The serotypes of isolated Vibrio parahemolytics were K-I group 7 strains (10.6%), K-IV group 5 strains (7.6%), K-II group 2 strains (3.0%), K-V group 2 strains (3.0%), K-VII group 2 strains (3.0%), K-VI group 1 strains (1.5%), K-VIII group 1 strains (1.5%) and antisera UT K-group 46 strains (69.7%) on antisera agglutination test, but K-III group and K-IX group strains were not found. The growth curves of isolates showed lag phase, logarithmic phase, stationary phase and death phase as typical sigmoid curve on the shellfish samples. After 6 hours, the group containing Scutellariae Radix extract differs from the control on shellfish samples in the growth inhibition curves, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were inhibited in more than 1000 ppm Scutellariae Radix extract. The morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscope and the microbial cells membrane was destroyed by Scutellariae Radix extract.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.303-313
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• 1989

To investigate the epidemiological trait of intestinal diseases of animals caused by thermophilic Campyllobacter spp., isolation of etiological agent was carried out and the profiles of plasmids and the transfer of resistance plasmid in the isolated Campylobacter spp. were examined. The results were as follows. 1. A total of 110 isolates of C jejuni and C coli were subjected to the test for the presence of plasmid DNA. Of the isolates examined, 60% of the isolates were noted to harbor plasmid DNA. Plasmid occurrencer ate from pigs, chickens and cattle were 76.2%, 61.7% and 37.7%, respectively. The plasmids of a large molecular weight, ranging from 36 Md to 86Md, were identified with the strains of tetracycline resistant. 2. Transfer frequency of tetracycline resistant plasmids was higher in the case of the filter mating method than in the broth mating method by the factor of 10~1,000. 3. Tetracycline resistant plasmids of C jejuni were transferrable to C jejuni and C coli by conjugation. In a low frequency, the transfer of tetracycline plasmid was also possible to Vibrio parahemolyticus. However, it was impossible to transfer to Streptococcus fecalis, E coli and Vibrio cholerae. 4. Tetracycline resistant plasmids of C jejuni were impossible to transfer to Campylobacter spp. and related bacteria by transformation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.719-724
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• 2015

The bactericidal effects of strongly acidic hypochlorous acid water (StAHA) and slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SlAHA) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus contaminated on surface of raw fish and shellfish were examined. V. parahaemolyticus contaminated with about 7.0 log CFU/g on the meat chunk of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata), and 4.0 log CFU/g on the shucked scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) were not detected after washing with StAHA and SlAHA at a ratio of 30:1 on a sample weight basis. However, 1.0 log CFU/g of V. parahaemolyticus was survived on shucked oyster (Crassostrea gigas) under same treatment conditions. The bactericidal effects of acidic hypochlorous acid water against V. parahaemolyticus contaminated on surface of shucked oyster were not as effective as those against V. parahaemolyticus contaminated on surface of meat chunk of olive flounder, yellow tail, and shucked scallop. Such differences can be attributed to the complicated surface conformation of oyster.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

The DY1 strain of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria was isolated from the soil sample collected from Daeam mountain, Korea. The culture filtrate of DY1 strain showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity on various pathogenic and food poisoning enteric bacterial species tested in vitro. It showed significant growth-inhibitory effect on Salmonella enterica sp., Shigella sp., pathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica. For the identification of the DY1 strain, morphological, biochemical and molecular phylogenetic approaches were performed. The DY1 strain was found to be a member of the genus Paenibacillus on the basis of morphological and biochemical analyses. The 16S rDNA of DY1 showed the highest pairwise identity with Paenibacillus polymyxa with 99.79% (1,413 bp/1,416 bp). The antimicrobial entity from DY1 looked different from preciously reported ones and seems to have a great potential to be further studied as a candidate of new antibiotics to control multi-drug resistant pathogens.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.225-233
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• 2002

Kanagawa hemolysin (KH), an exotoxin produced from Kanagawa phenomenon-positive Vibrio parahemolyticus, has been shown to possess various biological activities including hemolysis, enterotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of KH on the cardiovascular system and its mechanism, employing in vivo and in vitro experiments of the rat. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of 100 mHU KH produced a marked and continuous pressor effect (icv KH-pressor effect), and the icv pressor effect was not repeatable. However, intravenous (iv) injection of the same dose of KH induced a prominent depressor effect (iv KH-depressor effect). The icv KH-pressor effect was inhibited by acid-denaturation, while the iv KH-depressor effect was not. Simultaneous icv administration of the three agents (ouabain, diltiazem, or bumetanide: $10{\mu}g/kg$ each) significantly reduced the pressor effect. The icv KH-pressor effect was inhibited by treatment with iv phentolamine or chlorisondamine, but was not affected by iv candesartan. The iv KH-depressor effect was repeatable and was attenuated by treatment with iv NAME or methylene blue. In vitro experiments using isolated thoracic aorta, $10^{-6}$ M phenylephrine (PE) and 50 mM KCl produced a sustained contraction. In rings contracted with either agents, KH showed relaxant responses in a concentration- dependent fashion and the relaxation (KH-vasorelaxation) was not dependent on the existence of the endothelium. The KH-vasorelaxation in the endothelium-intact rings contracted by PE was abolished by methylene blue treatment. In summary, the present findings suggest that in the icv KH-pressor effect the cation leak-inducing action of KH is implicated, which leads to the increased central sympathetic tone, that the iv KH-depressor effect results from the vasorelaxation via NO-guanylate cyclase system, and that the KH-vasorelaxation is independent of the endothelium and the guanylate cyclase system is involved in it. In conclusion, the mechanism of KH producing the icv pressor effect may not be identical to that of KH producing the iv depressor effect.