• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 1992.07a
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• pp.7-19
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• 1992

Fish pathology is one of the main scientific bases upon which this expansion in aquaculture has been dependent and requires a wide knowledge of the environmental constraints, the physiology and characteristics of the various pathogens, the responses of the host and the methods by which they may be controlled. The primary disease and parasite problems in aquaculture animals relate to viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan epizootics. Parasitic nematodes, trematodes and cestodes are commonly found in aquaculture animals, but seldom are they present in concentrations sufficinet to cause significant problems. When an epizootic does occur and chemical treatment is indicated, the appropriate chemical must be selected and properly applied. We have antibiotics, sulfa, nitrofuran and other chemicals for treatment of fish diseases. Some may be mixed with the fred during formulation, added to the pellets of feed as a surface coating, given in the dorm of an injection or used as a bath. Even though a drug or chemical has been officially approved for use in aquaculture, the substance should never be used unless there is a clear need. Some of the reasions for this view are as follows: (1) the constant use of antibiotics can lead to the development of resistant strains of bacteria, (2) biofilter efficiency may be impaired or destroyed by chemicals added to closed recirculating water systems, and (3) the injudicious use of chemicals can have a damaging effect on the environment as well as on human.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1604-1608
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• 2000

Penicillin antibiotics such as penicillin G, ampicillin and amoxicillin have been widely used in the pig industry to control salmonellosis, bacterial pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Extensive use of antibiotics in veterinary clinics has resulted in tissue residues and bacterial resistance. To prevent unwanted drug residues entering the human food chain, extensive control measures have been established by both government authorities and industries. The demands for reliable, simple, sensitive, rapid and low-cost methods for residue analysis of foods are increasing. In this study, we established a rapid prediction test for the detection of pigs with unacceptable tissue residues of penicillins. The recommended therapeutic doses of three penicillins, penillin G (withdrawal time, 7 days), ampicillin (withdrawal time, 7 days) and amoxicillin (withdrawal time, 14 days), were administered to three groups of 20 pigs each. Blood was sampled before drug administration and during the withdrawal period. The concentration of penicillins in plasma, determined by a semi-quantitative ELISA, were compared to that of internal standard, 4 ppb, which corresponded to the Maximum Residue Limit in milk. The absorbance ratio of internal standard to sample (B/Bs) was employed as an index to determine whether drug residues in pig tissues were negative or positive. That is, a B/Bs ratio less than 1 was considered residue positive, and larger than 1 negative. All 60 plasma samples from pigs were negative to three penicillins at pretreatment. Penicillin G could be detected in the plasma of the treated pigs until day 4 post-treatment and ampicillin until day 2, whereas amoxicillin could be detected until day 10 of its withdrawal period. The present study showed that the semi-quantitative ELISA could be easily adapted to detect residues of penicillin antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin and amoxicillin) in live pigs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 2015

${\beta}$-agonists are anabolic compounds that promote fat loss and muscle gain, and their administration to livestock may provide economic benefits by increasing growth rate and feed efficiency. For these reasons, ${\beta}$-agonists are also commonly added to livestock feed as growth promoters. This can introduce a significant risk of secondary human poisoning through intake of contaminated meat. A new method for the simultaneous determination of three ${\beta}$-agonists (clenbuterol, ractopamine, and zilpaterol) was developed in this study and applied to various meat samples. The limits of quantification, derived through a validation test following Codex guidelines, were $0.2{\mu}g/kg$ for clenbuterol and zilpaterol, and $0.4{\mu}g/kg$ for ractopamine. The average recoveries for clenbuterol, ractopamine, and zilpaterol ranged from 109.1% to 118.3%, 95.3% to 109.0%, and 94.1% to 120.0%, respectively. The recovery and coefficient of variation (CV) values fell within the acceptable range according to the Codex guidelines. This method reduced the analysis time without decreasing detection efficiency by modifying the pretreatment steps. This method could be utilized to manage the safety of imported meat products from countries where zilpaterol use is still permitted, thereby improving public health and preventing ${\beta}$-agonist poisoning due to secondary contamination.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2021

In this study, an analytical method was developed for estradiol-17��, testosterone, and progesterone, which are growth promoters as veterinary drug residues in animal food. The analytes were separated using liquid chromatography, and was injected into a mass spectrometer through the electrospray ionization(ESI) process and detected in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. As the method was validated by CODEX CAC/GL 71-2009 guideline, it met the acceptable. The analysis of beef, pork, and chicken distributed in Korea was conducted with an established method to confirm the applicability of the actual sample. It was confirmed that the developed method can be quickly and reliably in the analysis for the growth promoters identified in domestic distributed livestock products. Through subsequent research, a highly utilized analysis method will be completed if the number of growth promoters is expanded based on the method and the simultaneous analytical method is established by including all of it.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.297-308
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• 2006

Fowl typhoid (FT) is a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella gallinarum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and pulsed -field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of S gallinarum isolated from broiler. During 1999 to 2004, there was isolated a total of 26 strains in liver and spleen. The biochemical characteristics of S gallinarum isolates was nonmotile, no production of $H_2S$, glucose gas, non-fermented rhamnose, indole-negative, fermentation of dulcitol, mannitol, maltose, and ornithine decarboxylase. At antimicrobial susceptibility, all of isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, and cephalothin. Twenty-six isolates were divided into 19 resistant patterns and 6 strains was 8-multi-drug resistance. PFGE of Xba I restriction fragments of S gallinarum isolates was 22 patterns.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1897-1906
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• 2017

Swainsonine (SW) is the principal toxic ingredient of locoweed plants that causes locoism characterized by a disorder of the nervous system. It has also received widespread attention in the medical field for its beneficial anticancer and antitumor activities. Endophytic fungi, Alternaria sect. Undifilum oxytropis isolated from locoweeds, the plant pathogen Slafractonia leguminicola, and the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae, produce swainsonine. Acquired SW by biofermentation has a certain foreground and research value. This paper mainly summarizes the local and foreign literature published thus far on the swainsonine biosynthesis pathway, and speculates on the possible regulatory enzymes involved in the synthesis pathway within these three fungi in order to provide a new reference for research on swainsonine biosynthesis by endophytic fungi.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2009

Fowl typhoid (FT) is a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of S. Gallinarum isolated from chicken. During 1999 to 2004, there was isolated a total of 100 strains in liver and spleen. The biochemical characteristics of S. Gallinarum isolates was nonmotile, no production of H$_2$S, glucose gas, non-fermented rhamnose, indole-negative, fermentation of dulcitol, mannitol, maltose, and ornithine decarboxylase. At antimicrobial susceptibility, all of isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin. One hundred isolates were divided into 54 resistant patterns and 37 strains was 6-multi drug resistance. PFGE of Xba I restriction fragments of S. Gallinarum isolates was 20 patterns.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

The surroundings of livestock farms, including dairy farms, are known to be a major source of development and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To control antibioticresistant bacteria in the livestock breeding environment, farms have installed livestock wastewater treatment facilities to treat wastewater before discharging the final effluent in nearby rivers or streams. These facilities have been known to serve as hotspots for inter-bacterial antibiotic-resistance gene transfer and extensively antibiotic-resistant bacteria, owing to the accumulation of various antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the livestock breeding environment. This review discusses antibiotic usage in livestock farming, including dairy farms, livestock wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria, and nonenteric gram-negative bacteria from wastewater treatment plants, and previous findings in literature.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.37.1-37.6
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• 2021

This study evaluated the efficacy of a new, single-dose otic solution combining florfenicol, terbinafine, and mometasone furoate for the treatment of canine otitis externa (OE) in vitro and in vivo. Forty-one client-owned dogs with OE were included in the study and divided into a treatment group that received the test solution and a negative control group that received a normal saline solution. On day 0, the dogs were treated either with the test or the control solution and evaluated over 30 days. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by clinical signs and cytological organism counts. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). After treatment with the test solution, clinical signs continuously decreased and cytological scores were significantly reduced. The results of MIC testing showed that the test solution was potent against the common pathogenic causes of canine OE. In this study, the most common causative pathogens were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomonas spp. and Malassezia pachydermatis. No issues related to safety were identified. Based on these results, this new ototopical drug can be used as first line treatment for canine OE.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.283-290
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• 2023

Hypercoagulability is frequently observed in patients with severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Platelets are a favorable target for effectively treating hypercoagulability in COVID-19 patients as platelet hyperactivity has also been observed. It is difficult to develop a treatment for COVID-19 that will be effective against all variants and the use of antivirals may not be fully effective against COVID-19 as activated platelets have been detected in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, patients with less severe side effects often turn toward natural remedies. Numerous phytochemicals are being investigated for their potential to treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer and bacterial and viral infections. Natural products have been used to alleviate COVID-19 symptoms. Panax ginseng has potential for managing cardiovascular diseases and could be a treatment for COVID-19 by targeting the coagulation cascade and platelet activation. Using molecular docking, we analyzed the interactions of bioactive chemicals in P. ginseng with important proteins and receptors involved in platelet activation. Furthermore, the SwissADME online tool was used to calculate the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of the lead compounds of P. ginseng. Dianthramine, deoxyharrtingtonine, and suchilactone were determined to have favorable pharmacokinetic profiles.