• Solar Energy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

Recently the construction of atrium buildings has increased but along with it many problems in thermal environment have arised. since the exterior wall of glass, indoor temperature is greatly influenced by weather conditions and since the space volume is very large, the vertical air temperature is not uniform. So, in this study, a Vertical Temperature Distribution Model was developed to predict the vertical air temperature of an atrium and evaluate the effects of the design parameters on the air temperature distribution of an atrium. To consider the characteristics of the vertical air temperature distribution in an atrium, the Satosh Togari's Macroscopic Model was used basically for the calculation of the vertical air temperature distribution in large space and the solar radiation analysis model and natural ventilation analysis model in atrium. And to calculate the unsteady-state inside wall surface temperature(boundary condition), the finite difference method was used. For the verification of the developed temperature distribution program, numerical evaluation of air flow by the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and in-situ test was conducted in parallel. The results of this study, the developed temperature distribution program was seen to predict the thermal condition of the atrium very accurately.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.383-386
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• 2006

Subsurface temperature is affected by heat advection due to groundwater advection. Temperature-depth profile can be perturbed especially when there are significant vertical groundwater flux caused by external force such as injection or extraction. This research is to clarify the change of subsurface temperature distribution when the 40m x l0m sandy aquifer is stimulated by two different vertical flux($case1:\;{\pm}10^{-5}m^3/s,\;case2:\;{\pm}4{\times}10^{-5}m^3/s$) using a program called HydroGeoSphere. The resulting temperature distribution contour map shows pumping causes vertical attraction of water from deeper and warmer place which result in rising up isotherm. Additionally more injection/extraction rate, more vertical groundwater flux leads to faster Increase in temperature near the pumping well.

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2013

We present here the future changes in vertical distribution of temperature and tropopause height using the HadGEM2-AO climate model forced with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios. Projected changes during the 21st century are shown as differences from the baseline period (1971~2000) for global vertical distribution of temperature and tropopause height. All RCP scenarios show warming throughout the troposphere and cooling in the stratosphere with amplified warming over the lower troposphere in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes. Upper troposphere warming reaches a maximum in the tropics at the 300 hPa level associated with lapse-rate feedback. Also, the cooling in the stratosphere and the warming in the troposphere raises the height of the tropopause.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.162-174
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• 2012

To visualize the characteristics of vertical seawater temperature data, in the ocean having 3D spatial characteristics, 2D thematic maps like horizontal seawater temperature distribution map at each depth layer and 3D volume model using 3D spatial interpolation are used. Although these methods are useful to understand oceanographic phenomena visually, there is a limit to analyze the spatial pattern of vertical temperature distribution or the relationship between vertical temperature characteristics and other oceanic factors (seawater chemistry, marine organism, climate change, etc). Therefore, this study aims to determine the spatial distribution characteristics of vertical temperature profiles in the South Sea of Jeju by quantifying the characteristics of vertical temperature profiles by using an algorithm that can extract the thermocline parameters, such as mixed layer depth, maximum temperature gradient and thermocline thickness. For this purpose spatial autocorrelation index (Moran's I) was calculated including mapping of spatial distribution for three parameters representing the vertical temperature profiles. Also, after grouping study area as four regions by using cluster analysis with three parameters, the characteristics of vertical temperature profiles were defined for each region.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Vertical particle size distribution, total particle concentration, wind velocity, temperature and humidity measurement was performed with a drone. The drone was equipped with a wind sensor, house-made optical particle count(Hy-OPC), condensation particle counter(Hy-CPC), GPS, Temperature, Relative Humidity, Pressure and communication system. Base on the wind velocity and the particle size vertical distribution measurement with drone, the particle mass flux was calculated. The vertical particle distribution showed that the particle number concentration was very strongly correlated with the relative humidity.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 1990

The aim of this study is to discover thermal characteristics of Ondol heating systems. The housing subjected was categorized into detached single family houses and apartments, reinforced concrete and brick structures, intermittent and continous heating system, and the space subjected was bedroom. In order to understand the thermal characteristics of each floor heating systems, the vertical distribution of indoor temperature and the distribution of surface temperature on the floor were measured. The vertical distribution of indoor temperature except the measurement point 1 largely showed average temperature distribution, and the temperature of the measurement point 1 in the housing surveyed showed the highest temperature in the house "sample A" because of the radiation heating from the floor of the Ondol room. As the result of the measurement, the thermal characteristics of each heating system were more stable distribution in apartments of R.C structure.structure.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1986

Phytoplankton community was investigated at the Paldang Dam Reservoir in the Mid-Han River by it's depth, in spring and summer known as the period of phytoplankton's blooming. It was only in summer that phytoplankton bloomed at the investigated area. 128 kinds of phytoplankton were identified and of them, diatoms were abundunt in spring but cyanophyta and chlorophyta were in summer. Because some species with high pollution index were observed in summer, it could be proved that the investigated area was polluted especially in summer. In spring shown the circulation period by vertical distribution pattern of chlorophyll-a and isothermal distribution pattern of water temperature, maximum value of phytoplankton standing crops appeared at the upper layer, except for surface layer. In summer shown the circulation period after the stagnation period by vertical distribution pattern of chlorophyll-a and immediate destruction after stratification of water temperature, maximum value of phytoplankton standing crops appeared at the lower layer. the layer at which the maximum value of chlorophyll-a appeared also accorded with that of phytoplankton standing crops. So, it could be approved that there existed a close relationship among phytoplankton standing crops, chlorophyll-a, and water temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.315-319
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• 2004

This paper presents the integrity evaluation method of the windings in cast resin transformers using vertical thermal distribution analysis. The method is to compare the temperature distribution in a sound condition specimen with that in the failure condition specimen layer-shorted by accelerated testing. The temperature distribution was acquisited by a infrared thermography system, and the Arrhenius equation was adopted to the accelerated testing. The proposed method may be available to detect the failures in cast resin transformers.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 1985

Correlations between horizontal distributions of bamboos (Bambusaceae) in the Korean peninsula and environmental factors were studied using taxanomic and geographical literatures, both old and current. The vertical distributions of bamboos on Mt. Chiri were also studied, and environmental factors limiting horizontal and vertical distributions were compared. There are 18 species of bamboos (belonging to 5 genera) distributed in the Korean peninsula. The distributional range of each genus were distinct, although overlapped. Northern limit of bamboos of any species was marked by the line connecting Paikryung Island (124。40'E, 38。00'N), Mt. Changsoo, Mt. Myungji, Mt. Myohyung and Myungchum (129。40'E, 41。10'N). The optimum range of bamboos was concluded to be restricted to several southern province, with annual precipitation over 1,200 mm. The limiting factors on the distribution were inferred to be low temperature and duration of it. Mean daily minimum temperature of January and the number of days with daily mean temperatures below zero during January showed close associations with the distributional range, and an environmental factors favouring the distributrion of bamboos appeared to be vicinity of warm sea current, deep and extended snow acculation and southern exposure. The vertical distribution of bamboos on Mt. Chiri was limited by low temperature, unfavorable topographic and edaphic conditions caused by steep slope. Difference in the vertical limits between SE and NW slopes are caused by the differences in temperature and precipitation between the slopes. Bamboos were more abundant in valleys than on the ridge, apparently because the deeper snow in the valleys protected the plants from low temperature, heavy winter winds and desiccation.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2008

This research aims to divide the large enclosures according to summer and winter seasons, and to measure changes in the indoor thermal conditions. Also, with regard to air conditioning and exterior environments, it aims to identify the characteristics of indoor thermal environments such as indoor vertical and horizontal temperature distribution in large enclosures, temperature distribution in the audience's seating, indoor surface temperature distribution, wind speed distribution in the audience's seating, and indoor thermal comfort.