• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.181-191
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze affordance of façade design by extracting analysis elements of affordance in façade design domestic five-star hotels. The subjects of this study were 88 domestic five-star hotels; we selected literature review and case study as methodology. The analysis elements included mass forms, exterior colors, window frame patterns, exterior characteristics, and door types based on the visual perception factors of façade design from the concept of affordance. The results of the study were as follows. First, the mass forms were divided into stackable, integral, and connection types, and stackable type was most frequent. Second, exterior colors were divided into achromatic, red, yellow, and opaque color parts, and the achromatic parts were most frequent. Third, the window frame patterns were divided into grid, irregular, full, horizontal, and vertical windows, and grid windows were most frequent. Fourth, the exterior characteristics were divided into formative mass, horizontal partition, design contrast, tiled roof, and facility connection, and the formative mass was most frequent. Fifth, the door types were divided into porch, piloti, and wall type, and porch was most frequent. The results of this study showed that the façade design elements such as mass forms, exterior colors, window frame patterns, exterior characteristics, and door types intentionally contained affordance.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2012

In this study, the changes in hair quality before and after Magic straight perm have been evaluated through a hair damage measurement method. For this, a healthy high school student's (age18 years) wavy hair was selected and permed on the left and right sides. Then, the changes caused by physical methods which were applied during the fl at iron-based Magic straight perm were evaluated based on the hair damage measurement method before and after the Magic straight perm. According to the protein release test after the Magic straight perm, 1.26% in average and 0.14% was observed in Cool Magic straight perm sample. In a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) test, saw teeth-shaped partial desquamation of cuticle cells and impurities were observed in the warm-treated hair sample. In atomic force microscope (AFM), line-profile is a method to represent roughness data on hair. According to analysis on 3-dimensional (3D) images, the hair with Cool Magic straight perm was lower than the hair with Warm Magic perm in terms of the color change of 3D images. In addition, vertical changes were observed in the hair with Cool Magic perm. As a result, irregular surface roughness was observed. This study proposed a method to minimize hair damage by cooling down the heat with the cool hair straightener as soon as the Warm Magic was finished.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.439-446
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• 1997

A traditional notion of composites has been composed as a uniform dispersoid, but now it is proposed without regard to such rule with process development. Functionally Graded Material(FGM) consists of a new material design that is to make intentionally irregular dispersion state. In this study, thermal stress analysis of plasma spraying PSZ/NiCrAlY gradient material was conducted theoretically using a finite-element program. A formations of the model are direct bonding material(NFGM) and FGM with PSZ and NiCrAlY component element. The temperature conditions were $700^{\circ}C$ to 1100.deg. C assuming a cooling-down precess up to room temperature. Fracture damage mechanism was analyzed by the parameters of residual stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.215-220
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• 2004

Molecular Dynamics(MD) method was used to investigate the change of friction force due to interaction between dislocations and a grain boundary when a Ni tip was scratched on a Cu bicrystal. The substrate comprised a Cu bicrystal containing a vertical$\Sigma=5(210)$ grain boundary. The moving tip for scratching simulation was consisted of fixed Ni atoms emulating a rigid tip. The indentation depth was $3.6\AA$ and the scratching was performed along <110>direction in the first grain. As the scratching was continued, nucleation and propagation of dislocations were observed. In the early stage, the grain boundary played as a barrier to moving dislocations and interrupting further dislocation movement with no dislocation resulting in no propagation across the grain boundary. As the Ni tip approached the grain boundary, dislocations were nucleated at the grain boundary and propagated to the second grain. However, stick-slip phenomena that were observed on a single crystal scratching were not observed in the bicrystal. And, instead, irregular oscillation of friction force was observed during the scratching due to the presence of a grain boundary.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.83-94
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• 2010

Conventionally, ornament has developed around linear thinking based on Euclidean geometry, and been explained as simple and lucid natural Euclidean geometrical phenomena. The modular arrangement with vertical, horizontal and diagonal grids has been an organizing principle of classical ornament, but in digital era ornament is found not to be explained only with the principle of traditional arrangement due to the seemingly irregular complex forms. In that sense, this study presents the concept of digital ornament and examined the backgrounds of ornament in digital age, that are complex system and non-Euclidean geometry. Accordingly, the present study takes an approach by dividing new formal types of ornament into algorithmic form, hybrid form and dynamic form to find out a principle of pattern organization. Lately, architects who actively use computer for their architectural designs take the algorithmic strategies in nature and create various and complex patterns by simple rules. The patterns are not the repetition of the same, but the production of singularities. In addition, hybrid form by morphing shows a topologically flexible evolutionary transformation, and is used to create in-between transitional shapes from the source to target. Finally, the patterns by the interaction between the system components which are corresponded to the embedded forces emerge from dynamic simulation of the natural environment. Rather than objects itself, focus is given to the process of generating forms, and the ornamental patterns as the revelation of such implicit order provide not just the formal beauty but also spatial pathways for lights and air, maximizing the effects of lights.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-65
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• 1991

It is of great importance for any vessel under way, especially in rough sea, to be maneuvered safely with proper seakeeping performance. In this paper, the author aims to develope a navigational safety evaluation system in rough sea by analyzing ship's with the theory of wave spectrum using random process analysis and the theory of evaluating the seakeeping performance. The scope and the method of this study are as follows ; (1) Modelized typhoon mathematically to represent the sea condition in rough sea. (2) Estimated sea conditions by getting wave spectrum, supposing that the wave by typhoon is fully developed short crest irregular wave. (3) Defined evaluation factor of vessel's seakeeping performance and obtained response amplitude operators thereby. (4) Obtained the response spectrum of factors on seakeeping performance. (5) Defined and obtained evaluation index, dangerousness, relative and maximum dangerousness of factors on seakeeping performance. (6) Analyzed the calculated dangerousness of evaluation index and picked the vertical acceleration out of 7 factors as the presentative factor on seakeeping performance. (7) Carrid out the judgement of danger by obtaining dangerousness value according to steaming hour, course alteration and speed change. By synthesizing the above items, the authors suggests a computer model of navigational safety evaluation system and examined the validity of the model by computer simulation.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.704-709
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• 2016

Wave energy generation systems can be divided into oscillating water chamber type, over topping device type and wave activating body type. The wave activating body type converts wave energy to kinetic energy, and the power generation amount increases as the motion of an activating body increases. In this paper, the wave energy convertor consists of a main body, which has an H-shape, and the activating body. These are connected by a bar-type bridge. By the incident wave, when the activating body moves with vertical motion this motion is consequently converted into rotational motion. The twisting moment and angular velocity at a shaft of convertor are calculated according to various conditions of the incident wave and the shape of the activating body. This can be used as a basic idea for determining the design of wave activating body type convertor.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.64-71
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• 2008

This study is on pedestrian protection device using pneumatic cylinder and simple link mechanism when vehicle collide with pedestrian. This study ensured the safety space between engine and hood after it applies to simple link mechanism and pneumatic cylinder. It can absorb the damage which measure the specific device if vehicle collide with pedestrian. Combination of simple link mechanism and pneumatic cylinder was more superior than the present pedestrian protection device. Simple link mechanism could confirm superior height and survival probability than when only cylinder operated. It also ensured enough space between engine and hood. And if a cylinder is not working because of old cylinder, poor repair or damage of accident vertical cylinder would be difficult to execute because there exists the irregular space between engine and hood. If simple link mechanism operates with only one cylinder it could ensure the regular space because simple link mechanism set up at the middle of hood. So this device could confirm high safety for pedestrian.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

Purpose: The orbital fat buldging may cause irregular contour of lower eyelid, which is not youthful appearance. The conventional method of fat excision may cause the eyeball to move backward and downward, making enopthalmia is inevitable. The transcutaneous approach to reach the orbital septum can increase the risks of scleral show resulting from scarification at the level of the septum orbicularis junction and damaging the vertical motor branches of the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle of the lower eyelid. Method: From July 2007 to March 2008, total of 21 patients underwent transconjunctival capsulopapebral fascia fixation procedure. In 8 patients, the herniated fat pad of the lower eyelid was relocated back into the orbit without external skin excision using capsulopalpebral fascia fixation. But in 13 patients, excision of redundant skin of the lower eyelid was performed using pinching technique, not involving orbicularis oculi muslce. In 5 patients, lateral canthotomy was done bilaterally for good visual field. In 6 patients, lateral canthopexy was also combined to correct loosening of lower eyelid. Results: Most of the patients were satisfied after at least 5 months of follow up. No patient showed scleral show. But 2 patients complained of undercorrection slightly, without secondary operation in 1 patient and re - capsulopalpebral fascia fixtation through transconjunctival approach in another patient. Conclusion: Orbital fat repositioning using transconjunctival capsulopalpebral fascia fixation is a good procedure to show youthful appearance without increasing the risk of scleral show and also showed fast recovery compared to the conventional transcutaneous approach.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2011

Due to the characteristics of 3D objects of building construction projects which have regular, vertical and repetitive shapes, the most practical utilization of BIM in the country is focused on building projects. The characteristics of 3D objects of civil engineering project have irregular, horizontal and non-repetitive shapes. Therefore, consisting of a practical BIM model is difficult comparing with building project. This study suggests an application process of BIM for the planning and design phases for civil engineering project. A BIM system is developed based on suggested BIM process and it is verified through a bridge construction project.