• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2018

Vertical farming systems offer many advantages in urban spaces. They have also been proposed as an engineering solution to increase the productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production in the vertical dimension. However, soil water retention is a major constraint affecting the plant environment. This study analyzed the effects of growth environment of Tropaeolum majus and Fragaria spp., on the vertical farming system, by using four different types of cover material types including sphagnum moss (Control), a shading net (S.N.), multi-layered fabric (M.L.F.), and non-woven fabric (N.W.F.). The volumetric soil moisture contents and plant characteristics were investigated from May to September 2014. Plant materials were individually cultivated in hanging baskets measuring $30{\times}17{\times}17cm$, filled with a mixture of soil and perlite, and placed at 1.5m height. Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate and consisted of five plants, amounting to a total of 20 plants. The analysis indicated that different covers were associated with multiple functions and soil water retention improvements may have a positive impact on the vertical farming system. The difference in soil water retention increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N.. Furthermore, the differences in plant height and survival rate increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N. Therefore, M.L.F yielded satisfactory good response for the vertical farming system of cover materials. Our results clearly demonstrate that vertical spaces represent an attractive alternative to urban farming and suggest that further increases in yield may be achieved via different cover materials in vertical farming using hanging baskets.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.712-728
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• 2016

This study examines the foundations of contract farming, the extent of corporate vertical coordination, and farmer's land use in regards to the contract farming between discount store and watermelon farmers in Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. In the above case, contract farming is led by the group of producers. As the corporate's role is limited due to the specification of watermelon breed, contract farming takes the form of procurement contract with restrained levels of corporate vertical coordination. Thus, it has become common for contract farmers to freely enter and leave contracts and sign contracts with multiple clients. Furthermore, farmers participate in contract farming by using contract breeds in existing crop rotation systems. Through this process, watermelon farming is undergoing a process of diversification via the spread of contract varieties in this region.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.535-549
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• 2016

The contract farming scheme of today is a new system that allows the forward and backward linkage of the agribusiness through vertical coordination while also leading the changes within the agri-food system. As contract farming of agricultural products becomes routine in both advanced and developing countries alike, it is gaining the attention of researchers in various fields, including geography. This research discusses the research trends and problems regarding contract farming through literary research on the research progress of foreign researchers on contract farming. The content of the research specifically includes explanations regarding the relationships between the rise of contract farming and changes in the agri-food system and discusses the basic theoretical foundations of contract farming. The research also defines the economic and environmental effects of contract farming and its purpose in regional development policies and concludes with discussions of the possible future research subjects on contract farming.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-22
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• 2001

This article described the production problems, import conditions of organic livestock products and background of CODEX-guideline, and presented the counterplan for future organic livestock production policy. The essential counterplan for CODEX-guideline and construction of organic livestock production basis include ; - Specific funding of research and development for excellent livestock breeding with consideration of regional enviroment-friendly applications to improve the quality of organic livestock products, - Development of production potential and resources utilization of organic feeding stuffs in domestic and foreign countries, - Horizontal and vertical organization of organic livestock farming and multifarm cooperation, - Specialization of organic livestock farming, and construction for direct or indirect linkage markets and Agro-food corporation for closer cooperation between inner and outer factor of farm management, - Construction of recycling system for the enviroment-friendly utilization of animal excrements.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.582-585
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• 2004

Oyster fanning structures in tidal flats are well detected by SAR system. Each frame of these artificial structures is composed of two vertical and one horizontal wooden pole. We investigate characteristics of polarimetric features in the target structures. In this paper, the results of AIRSAR L-band POLSAR data and experiments in laboratory are discussed. The ratio of single bounce to double bounce scattering depends of vertical pole height, direction of horizontal pole to radar look direction, and incidence angle as well as sea surface condition. We have conducted laboratory experiments. According to target scale, Ku-band and targets downsized by scale of 10 are used. The results of the experiments are summarized as: i) total power of the backscattering is more affected by vertical poles than a horizontal pole; ii) and backscattering from a horizontal pole is sensitive to the relative radar look direction to target array. We conclude that water level can be effectively measured by using interferometric phase and backscattering intensity if vertical poles in the water are observed by L-band HH- or VV-polarization. Measurement of tide height can be further improved if double bounced components are separated from fully polarized SAR data.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 1993

Vertical and horizontal ride vibrations of the selected agricultural tractors were measured and evaluated with respect to the ISO 2631 'guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration'. Evaluation showed that at the normal transportation speeds of 1.4~20km/h on both the concret and ground surfaces tractor drivers were exposed to the vibrations whose magnitudes exceed the 8 hour fatigue decreased proficiency boundary in the frequency ranges of 2~16Hz in vertical and 1~2Hz in horizontal directions. Considering that tractor operation becomes as one of the specialized job for the future farming in Korea, measures must be made to protect the drivers against harmful ride vibrations of agricultural tractors.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2008

Internal waves and internal tides occur frequently along the eastern coast of Korea. During the spring-tide period in April 2003, the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC) flowed near the Korean East Coast Farming Forecast System (KECFFS; a moored oceanographic measurement system), creating a strong thermocline at the intermediate layer. Weakened stratification and well-mixed water appeared frequently around the KECFFS, with duration of approximately 1 day. The results suggest the following scenario. Baroclinic motion related to the internal tide generated high frequency internal waves around the thermocline. The breaking of those waves then created turbulence around the thermocline. After well-mixed water appeared, a current component with perpendicular direction to the EKWC appeared within the inertial period. The change in stratification around the KECFFS locally broke the geostrophic balance as a transient state. This local vertical mixing formed an ageostrophic current within the inertial period.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.545-554
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• 2020

Background and objective: Moth orchids in the vegetative stage are suitable for a multi-layer growing environment in a closed-type plant factory which can be a good alternative that can reduce production costs by reducing cultivation time and energy cost per plant. This study was conducted to find out the optimal rhizospheric environment for different irrigation methods without a potting medium and rhizospheric ventilation for the vegetative growth of young Phalaenopsis hybrid 'Blanc Rouge' (P. KV600 × P. Kang 1) and Phalaenopsis Queen Beer 'Mantefon' in a closed-type plant factory system. Methods: The one-month-old clonal micropropagules with bare roots rapped with a sponges were fixed on the holes of styrofoam plates above growth beds, and were watered using the ebb-and-flow (EBB) and aeroponic (AER) methods with Ichihashi solution (0.5 strength) once a day at 06:00 (P) or 18:00 (S), and both (PS). Rhizospheric ventilation (V) was also applied to change the temperature, relative humidity, and CO₂ concentration of the beds. Plants potted into sphagnum moss and watered once a week were used as the control group. Results: After 12 months of treatment, the growth characteristics of the EBB groups were the best among the treatment groups without a medium, but no effect of irrigation timing was observed. V reduced the temperature, relative humidity and CO₂ concentration of the beds. Whereas, EBB+V (ebb-and-flow with ventilation) improved plant growth and reduced the occurrence of disorders and withering. Especially, EBB+V showed a similar performance to the control group. Conclusion: The results indicated that the optimal irrigation method without a potting medium for producing middle-aged potted moth orchids was the EBB system with forced rhizospheric ventilation. Therefore, further studies on the optimal ventilation method and moisture control of the crown need to be carried out to develop the irrigation system without a potting medium for vertical farming in closed-type plant factories.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.171-181
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• 2014

CSV(Creating Shared Value) model was proposed by Porter and Kramer (2011) to address relationship between businesses and society. Namely, it means that CSV deals with business value and social problem solving simultaneously. In this paper, the notion of CSV was applied to the food enterprise, and the cases of CSV with farming area were discovered. Especially, this paper proposed the framework for analyzing CSV activity based on the three-level of CSV suggested by Porter and Kramer (2011) and strategic options for vertical coordination proposed by Peterson et al. (2001). As a result of case analysis applying the proposed framework in this study, three types of CSV activity were discovered: Local food type, downstream support type, and joint corporate establish type. Local food type creates CSV based on momentary purchase or specification contract as strategic options for vertical coordination. Downstream support type creates CSV mainly based on relation-based alliance as a strategic option for vertical coordination. Lastly, joint corporate establish type creates CSV based on equity-based alliance as a strategic option for vertical coordination. This paper contributed to the CSV literatures for discovering cases of CSV with farming area and categorizing discovered cases applying proposed framework.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.538-541
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• 2005

Tidal flats develop along the south coast ofthe Korean peninsula. These areas are famous for sea farming. Specially, strong and coherent radar backscattering signals are observed over oyster sea farms that consist of artificial structures. Tide height in oyster farm is possible to measure by using interferometric phase and intensity of SAR data. It is assumed that the radar signals from oyster farm could be considered as double-bouncing returns by vertical and horizontal bars. But, detailed backscattering mechanism and polarimetric characteristics in oyster farm had not been well studied. We could not demonstrate whether the assumption is correct or not and exactly understand what the properties of back scattering were in oyster farm without full polarimetric data. The results of AIRSAR L-band POLSAR data, experiments in laboratory and JERS-l images are discussed. We carried out an experiment simulating a target structure using vector network analyser (Y.N.A.) in an anechoic chamber at Niigata University. Radar returns from vertical poles are stronger than those from horizontal poles by 10.5 dB. Single bounce components were as strong as double bounce components and more sensitive to antenna look direction. Double bounce components show quasi-linear relation with height of vertical poles. As black absorber replaced AI-plate in bottom surface, double bounce in vertical pole decreased. It is observed that not all oyster farms are characterized by double bounced scattering in AIRSAR data. The image intensity of the double bounce dominant oyster farm was investigated with respect to that of oyster farm dominated by single bounce in JERS-l SAR data. The image intensity model results in a correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.78 in double bounce dominant area while that of 0.54 in single bouncing dominant area. This shows that double bounce dominant area should be selected for water height measurement using In8AR technique.