• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2021

Concerns regarding work and food safety in foodservice operations are growing. The purpose of the study is to suggest guidelines for designing foodservice facilities, including school foodservices and Korean restaurants. A case of a franchise restaurant specializing in a Korean food item, Seolleongtang, was used to explain the facility design. The contents of the manual included ways to determine space allocation, calculate the application of utilities and the diameters of supply utility pipelines, and suggestions on how to decide on air conditioning equipment. The standards of the American Gas Association and the Japan Foodservice Equipment Association (JFEA) were applied to design the restaurant space. The JFEA standards and knowledge based on experience and statistics were applied to calculate the usage of utilities like fuel and water. The standards of JFEA and the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Sanitary Engineers of Japan were applied to calculate the diameters of the water supply and drainage pipelines. For the setting of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, three ways to carry out the calculation of effective ventilation were explained, as well as options to dicide the standard parameters of the duct and ventilation fans. This manual can contribute to the design of effective and efficient foodservice facilities and help secure the work safety of foodservice employees thereby ensuring food safety.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1075-1091
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• 2011

The purposes of this study were to investigate the actual state of indoor air quality in semi-underground multi-family housing units in early summer, to analyze the influencing factors, and to make suggestions for improvement. A series of field investigations were conducted in four target units between June 22, 2010, and June 28, 2010. The field investigations included measurements of indoor air quality as well as the observation of architectural characteristics and living conditions. In addition to the field investigation, on-site questionnaire surveys were administrated to residents in 90 units. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) The average $CO_2$ levels in each of the four units ranged from 759ppm to 1885ppm. $CO_2$ levels in three units exceeded the evaluation standard (1000ppm), and one unit was lower than the standard. This unit had smaller number of staying person and a large amount of ventilation than others; (2) the average CO levels in each unit were almost 0ppm, but 0.1~1.1 levels of CO were revealed at several times; (3) the average PM-10 levels ranged from $8{\mu}g/m^3$ to $40{\mu}g/m^3$, which distributes within the standard ($150{\mu}g/m^3$). The influencing factors of PM-10 levels were analyzed as inflow from outside, the use of a gas range, and the residents' activities; (4) therefore, it was evaluated to be necessary to improve ventilation for the indoor air quality of semi-underground housing in aspect of $CO_2$ levels.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 국내에 가장 많이 보급되어 있는 1-2W 모델 연동온실에 대한 온실 규격 및 환기창 형태 실태 조사를 수행하고, 이를 바탕으로 연동온실의 천창 형태에 따른 유동 특성을 분석하기 위해 수치해석을 수행하여 자연환기효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 온실 실태조사 대상농가의 환기창면적 비율은 평균10%로 자연환기를 위한 시설면적 대비 환기창 면적 설계가 부족한 것으로 나타나 환기창 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 연동 온실의 천창 형태별 자연환기를 해석 및 분석한 결과, 온실 내 작물위치의 온도 분포 및 내외부 온도차는 몽골식 천창 온실에서 가장 낮고 외몽골식 천창 온실에서 가장 높게 나타났으나 추후 풍하중에 의한 구조적인 안전성을 평가해야할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2005

One-lung ventilation (OLV) is the isolation and selective ventilation of one lung field. OLV allows the collapse of lung lobes on the side of the thoracic surgical approach to facilitate observation of intrathoracic structures and to achieve lung immobility. OLV be achieved by endotracheal intubation with double lumen tubes or bronchial blockers. In this study, cardiopulmonary consequences of two-lung ventilation (TLV), OLV and Re-TLV (TLV after OLV) were evaluated in 5 dogs. The dogs were anesthetized with mask induction and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Tidal volume and respiratory rates were set to maintain end-tidal $CO_2$ at $40{\pm}2mmHg$ during instrumentation. Following instrumentation, the dogs were placed in right lateral recumbency and induced spontaneously respiration state. Effect of TLV on hemodynamic and pulmonary variables were recorded. Then, the left bronchus was obstructed by endotracheal intubation with double lumen endotracheal tube to achieve OLV state and recording was continued. After OLV, double lumen endotracheal tube was extubated, and standard endotracheal tubes was intubated again. In this study, spontaneous OLV caused significant decrease in $PaO_2$, arterial oxygen saturation, mixed-venous oxygen saturation, and increase in $PaCO_2$. Especially, a significant elevation in $PaCO_2$ and respiratory acidosis were remarkable findings. So spontaneous ventilation in OLV affected gas exchange and hemodynamic function.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.426-433
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• 2014

고고도 핵폭발로 인해 고고도 전자기 펄스(HEMP)가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 Bell 연구소와 IEC 61000-2-9 기준에 제시된 HEMP 파형이 해군 함정의 복사성 결합 통로와 전도성 결합 통로를 통해 입사할 때 침투하는 침투 전계 특성을 비교 검토하였다. 또한, 두 가지 종류의 결합에 대한 효과를 분석하고, 방호 대책을 제시하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, IEC 61000-2-9 기준이 Bell 연구소의 기준보다 저주파수 대역을 제외하고 침투전계가 크므로 좀 더 엄격한 기준으로 볼 수 있고, 따라서 IEC 61000-2-9의 기준을 해군내 HEMP 기준으로 제시하였다. 최종적으로 HEMP 방호 대책으로 차폐 코팅, 허니컴 통풍구, TVS 소자 등을 이용하여 미국방부 기준에 부합하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.59-68
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• 1997

This study is intended to review the Nucleus System of standard hospitals in U.K. The research is focused on the theoretical background, contents of Nucleus System, and the operational problems through the survey of sample hospitals. The contents of research include the development history of standardization, outlines, aimes, advantages, the data of Nucleus system, and the study-visits of sample hospitals. The conclusion could be summarized as follows ; 1) The form of standard hospitals is compact and low-rise the major movements are horizontal. The standard plans of the functional dpartments are unified as cruciform with $15m{\times}15m$ module. 2) The Nulceus System has been developed. The hospitals have 3 stories maximum and courtyards for natural light & ventilation. 3) The advantages of Nucleus System includes reduction of design & construction period, the buildability due to the repetitive construction, and the running cost. And the disadvantages are mentioned as the lack of storage, staff accomodation, pantry, and sanitary facilities. 4) Sample hospitals provide human scale, possibilities of growth & change, and curing environment from art decoration & artificial lake. 5) In case of Korean situation, even the minimum standardization such as hospital design guidelines should be developed in near future.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.22-33
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• 2018

화재에 대한 우수한 소화력, 적응성 및 잔류물이 남지 않는 등의 장점으로 최근 할로겐화합물청정소화약제의 사용량이 증가하고 있다. 하지만 유해성에 대한 검증과 안전기준이 설정되지 않은 상태로 사용되어 사망사고 등의 재해가 다발하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문은 문헌 및 실험연구를 통해 할로겐화합물청정소화약제의 안전한 사용을 위한 법적인 노출기준과 가스 모니터링과 연계된 정량적 환기시스템, 유해성 주지 및 적정 보호구 선정을 포함한 안전기준 설정을 제안하고자 하였다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2014

주거시설에서 환기횟수 0.7회 적용은 실내공기질 향상과 거주자의 쾌적성을 높이고자 100세대 이상은 의무적으로 적용하고 있다. 건축물에너지효율등급에서는 환기횟수를 기준으로한 기밀시험을 실시 하여 그결과 값을 효율등급결과치에 반영함으로서 창호주변의 정밀시공을 유도하고 침기로 인해 손실되는 에너지절감을 꾀하고 있다. 건축물엔지효율등급 현장실사 결과 환기횟수가 0.6~0.71까지 나타났으며 그차이가 에너지 절감량에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 유럽의 패시브 하우스 기준이 0.6회 이하의 기밀을 요구하고 있고 우리나라도 2017년 패시브하우스, 2025년 제로하우스를 목표로 하고 있어 비주거 건물의 기밀진단의 의무확대와 고기밀 건물에 대한 연구와 시공방법이 시급한 실정이다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권3로
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• pp.169-176
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 국내 2층 돈사 및 톱밥돈사를 조사하였으며 현재 양돈에 적용되고 있는 분뇨처리 형태, 사육형태, 환기방식 및 돈사건축비의 실태를 현장조사를 통하여 분석, 평가함으로써 이를 바탕으로 우리나라 기후와 조건에 적합한 분뇨처리와 돼지사육이 가능한 고상식 돈사의 건축모델에 적용 가능성을 고려할 목적으로 무창 2층 돈사와 개방식 톱밥돈사 농장을 방문 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 2층 돈사의 분뇨에 수분조절재로 톱밥, 수피, 왕겨를 사용하였다. 톱밥돈사는 톱밥만을 사용하였으며, 수분조절재의 사용깊이는 대체로 $30\~60cm$로, 이용기간은 평균 $3\~6$개월 정도 이용하였다. 2. 2층 돈사에서 돼지의 사육형태는 1층에서는 주로 임신돈 및 분만돈을 사육하였고 2층은 자돈과 육성돈을 사육하고 있었다. 3. 환기시스템은 기본적으로 2층 무창돈사는 기계적 환기(mechanical ventilation)시스템을 설치하였고 톱밥돈사는 자연환기(natural ventilation)시스템으로 조합되어 있었다. 4. 2층 돈사의 단열재는 블록, 칼라강판 및 샌드위치 판넬 등을 사용하였고 단열재두께는 지붕 $75\~100mm$, 벽이 $50\~75mm$였으며 천장높이는 최소 2.0, 최대 3.0m로 조사되었다. 5. 평당 건축비는 무창 이층돈사는$70\~1,400$천원 이내였으며, 개방식 톱밥돈사는 자체 건축한 곳을 제외하고는 $300\~400$천원 내외로 건축비가 소요되었다

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for mechanical ventilation in the patients with scrub typhus admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital. Methods: We retrospectively selected and analyzed clinical data from the medical records of 70 patients (32 men, 38 women) admitted to the ICU with scrub typhus between 2004 and 2014. The patients had a mean${\pm}$standard deviation age of $71.2{\pm}11.1years$ and were evaluated in two groups: those who had been treated with mechanical ventilation (the MV group, n=19) and those who had not (the non-MV group, n=51). Mean ages of the MV group and the non-MV group were $71.2{\pm}8.3years$ and $71.2{\pm}11.1years$, respectively. Results: Significant differences between the two groups were observed with respect to acute respiratory failure (p=0.008), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (p=0.015), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (p=0.013), death (p=0.014), and ICU duration (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated that the following factors were significantly associated with mechanical ventilation: acute respiratory failure (p=0.011), SOFA score (p=0.005), APACHE II score (p=0.011), platelet count (p=0.009), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p=0.011). Conclusion: Thus, five factors-acute respiratory failure, SOFA score, APACHE II score, platelet count, and LDH-can be the meaningful indicators for mechanical ventilation for the patients with scrub typhus admitted to ICU.