• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.483-492
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to investigate the site and growth characteristics of Kalopanax septemlobus mixed with other hardwoods growing at Mt. Joongwang area located in Pyungchang-gun, Kangwon-do. The K. septemlobus stands were located at 1,000m to 1,200m in altitude, steep slope, and ridge-slope areas with aspects facing northeast to northwest. The K. septemlobus stands showed deep A soil layer with high soil moisture and soil nutrients. Major over-story species were Quercus mongolica, Acer pictum, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Carpinus cordata. The herbaceous vegetation was predominantly consisted with Pimpinella brachycarpa, Meehania urticifolia, Ainsliaea acerifloia and Polystichum species. The annual mean diameter increment of K. septemlobus was 2.4mm/year, with high diameter growth at lower altitude, south aspect and valley areas.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.14 no.2 s.36
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• pp.43-53
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• 2006

As NGIS project has been implemented in 1995 and effectiveness of geospatial information increased, Digital maps serve several purpose in administrative, living, and the variety of industrial fields. But, Digital maps have difficulties in application of managing urban facilities due to many differences with real world information caused by high update cost and long generation period. This paper suggests an update method of building layers of digital map in urban area; first, we verify the filtered building information using digital areal imagery and LiDAR data which is high-accurate and also can be faster and more economical in 3D information acquisition, and finally update building layers by comparing with the existed digital map. Future research will concentrate on automatic removal of the small and the tree regions, discrimination of buildings and vegetation for generating and updating building layers using LiDAR data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to present a method to provide environment information based on spatial information document. At present, a lot of spatial information, including environment information, is being produced, but separate software or system is required for the user to acquire the information. In particular, in the case of environment information, various types of information are being produced, such as ecology, vegetation and measurement network data. Therefore, it is necessary to present the form and the making method of spatial information document that allows using environment information as spatial information without separate software or system. To provide spatial information document-based environment information, types and forms of environment information, data format and offering methods produced by the government, in particular, the Ministry of Environment and the local governments, are analyzed. 12 fields are classified and the form of produced data is GIS DB, measurement network data, text data and so on. With decrease of paper maps, spatial information document that offers display by layer, coordinate data, attribute data, distance and area measurement, location search by coordinates, GPS location linkage and location display on the map is presented to increase utilization of geo-environment information maps. Finally, the standard document specification based on spatial information document is presented in consideration of usability and readability in order to provide a variety of environment information without separate software or system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.75-86
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• 2018

This research was thereby made to study and analysis ecological, landscape, and stability qualities of roadside cut Slopes in expressways and national highways that went through revegetation works. Also, evaluation items and framework for integrated assessment of plant structure and restored state for the maintenance were suggested. Following is the summary of the result. firstly, for stabilization of introduced native plant species on roadside cut slops, assessment on the post-project environmental management through long-term monitoring and maintenance works must be made. It signifies a form of authentic recovery and restoration by the native plants. second, current evaluation framework on the test beds is well managed with clear evaluation standards and table while its method of assessing the post management with only test bed results lacks conformity with this study site. Newly developed evaluation framework on the post construction sites is estimated to be used as assessment standards on any roadside construction sites. Third, after site investigation distinction was observed among different revegetating construction types in the long-term perspective. Due to the different duration time of vegetation state between seed-spray measures(degraded in time) and layer-spray measure(maintained), the use of coarse straw-mat mulching work or Coir net was suggested in long term maintenance of cut slopes. forth, segmentation of post environmental assessment is organized into three large categories of "ecological", "stabile", and "landscape" qualities regarding post restoration quality and stability of slope through native plants with which categories marks 50, 30, 20 points of rates. fifth, components of the post environmental assessment were segmented in twelve categories driving results from former experimental construction and newly focused items on site. In the future, it is possible to propose a customized assessment method considering the location and location of construction work if the research on the application of post-environment assessment methods for road construction surface recording is conducted systematically.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2013

Fog deposition onto the cool-temperate deciduous forest around Lake Mashu in northern Japan was estimated by the inferential method using the parameterizations of deposition velocity and liquid water content of fog (LWC). Two parameterizations of fog deposition velocity derived from field experiments in Europe and numerical simulations using a detailed multi-layer atmosphere-vegetation-soil model were tested. The empirical function between horizontal visibility (VIS) and LWC was applied to produce hourly LWC as an input data for the inferential method. Weekly mean LWC computed from VIS had a good correlation with LWC sampled by an active string-fog collector. By considering the enhancement of fog deposition due to the edge effect, fog deposition calculated by the inferential method using two parameterizations of deposition velocity agreed with that computed from throughfall data. The results indicated that the inferential method using the current parameterizations of deposition velocity and LWC can provide a rough estimation of water input due to fog deposition onto cool-temperature deciduous forests. Limitations of current parameterizations of deposition velocity related to wind speed, evaporation loss of rain and fog droplets intercepted by tree canopies, and leaf area index were discussed.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 1997

The high oxidants, which occur the daily maximum concentrations in the afternoon, are transported into the other region via long range transport mechanisms or trapped within the shallow mixing boundary layer and then removed physically (deposition, transport by mountain wind, etc.) and chemically (reaction with local sources). Therefore, modeling formation of photochemical oxidants requires a complex description of both chemical and meteorological processes. In this study, as a part of air quality studies, we reviewed various aspects of photochemical modeling on the basis of currently available literature. The result of the review shows that the model is based on a set of coupled continuity equations describing advection, diffusion, transport, deposition, chemistry, emission. Also photochemical oxidant models require a large amount of input data concerned with all aspects of the ozone life cycle. First, emission inventories of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides, with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution. Second, chemical and photochemical data allowing the quantitative description of the formation of ozone and other photochemically-generated secondary pollutants. Third, dry deposition mechanisms particularly for ozone, PAN and hydrogen peroxide to account for their removal by absorption on the ground, crops, natural vegetation, man-made and water surfaces. Finally, meteorological data describing the transport of primary pollutants away from their sources and of secondary pollutants towards the sensitive receptors where environmental damage may occur. In order to improve our present study, shortcomings and limitation of existing models are pointed out and verification process through observation is emphasized.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2018

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system is considered one of the most effective methods for water application. A 2-year field study was conducted to investigate the effect of SDI systems with various dripline spacing (0.7 or 1.4 m) and position (under furrow or ridge) on soybean (Glycine max L.) production at a sandy-loam soil in Miryang, South Korea. For 2016-2017, average grain yield in SDI irrigated plots, $3.16Mg\;ha^{-1}$, was statistically greater than rainfed irrigated plot ($2.63Mg\;ha^{-1}$). Soybean grain yield averaged $3.25Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for the 0.7 m dripline spacing and $3.07Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for the 1.4 m spacing for the two-year period compared to a rainfed irrigated average of $2.63Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for the same period. Soybean treated with SDI system had significantly greater values of normalized difference vegetation index and stomatal conductance, indicating that soybean plants in SDI plots had greater photosynthetic and stomatal activity due to the higher water availability in soil. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was greatest in the plot of 0.7 m spacing installed under ridge position than any other plot across growing season. Average soil water content in plots with 0.7 m dripline spacing was $0.21m^3\;m^{-3}$ at 5 cm depth layer, which was 45% greater compared to the plots with 1.4 m spacing, even though the gross irrigation amounts were greater in 1.4 m spacing plots. It is concluded that wide dripline spacing (1.4 m) is probably the more economical installation design for SDI system compared to 0.7 m spacing in this study soil because the initial cost for dripline may be reduced with wide spacing design, even though the IWUE is greater in the plot of 0.7 m dripline spacing.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.695-702
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate to determine seasonal variation of dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate content and some physicochemical properties, such as soil pH, moisture content, organic matter and several heavy metal concentrations from Apr. 1997 to jan. 1998 in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Nam, to explain a relationship between enzyme activity and the soil factors. There were ranges of 4.03-4.65 in soil pH, 18.65-51.09% in moisture content and 6.69-95.95% in orgainc matter. The organic matter content decreased with soil horizon, showing the higher values in Q. mongolica forest. In comparison to the results of Kawngneung site as control area, there were slightly differences due to a development level of forest ecosystem and microbial degradation of organic matter. The heavy metal concentrations showed 32.50-75.55 ${\mu}g/g$ in Cu, 69.33-134.84 ${\mu}g/g$ in Zn, 57.02-150.32 ${\mu}g/g$ in Pb, and 0.36-1.00 ${\mu}g/g$ in Mt. Nam. These values are higher than in Kwangneung site because of long-term exposure to air pollutants from central city. On the other hand, ATP contents in Mt. Nam were lower than in Kawngneung site in relation to soil organic matter, moisture content and relatively high heavy metal concentrations. ATP contents per soil weight was largest in F+H layer and in spring time of other seasons. Dehydrogenase activity as an index of soil microbial activity had a ranges of 170.67-1,221.66 ${\mu}g$ TPF/g that showed lower values than in Kawngneung site. However, phophatase activity had a contray tendency due to P fertilization for a continuous management. Those values increased through spring to a maximum in the summer and fall in autumn. This is basically caused by metabolic state of soil on the biological activity and several and several factors, such as aeration, soil temperature, vegetation and microflora.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.703-712
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• 1998

Physicochemical factors, microbial population size and the properties of the bacterial isolates were estimated to find out the nature of soil ecosystem of Mt. Nam. Samples were obtained from the surface layer of soils on which specific plant community is developed. Average content of moisture and organic matter of the soils were 21.6% and 17.3%, respectively. These values were similar to those of developing forest soils, but were slightly lower than those of climax ecosystem such as Piagol in Mt. Chiri. Chiri. Content of phosphate was higher than those of other forest soils. The population size of soil bacteria ranged from 27.4 to 195.8 ${\times}\;10^5$ CFU/g. duy soil, and the size is somewhat dependent on the moisture and oranic matter content of soils. A large number of bacteria were able to decompose macromolecules such as starch, elastin and gelatin. Bacterial species composition of each soil was comparatively simple. Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Flavobacterium and Xanthomonas which are Gram-negative short rods were widely distributed in the forest soils. The endospore forming Bacillus species were also the main constituents of the soil microflroa. Actinomycetes were widely distributed in the forest soils, but the distribution pattern varied in each site. Most of the actinomycetes were also able to decompose organic macromolecules. The rate of resistant actinomycete strains to antibiotics and heavy metals were lower than those from cultivated soils, but higher than those from well-preserved forest soils. Antibiosis pattern of the actinomycete isolates was similiar to the resistance pattern. This means the forest soils of Mt. nam was somewhat interferred by artificial behabiour.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.142-163
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• 2009

Taebaek city is located in the mountainous plateau area therefore the major industry was coal industry. According to dramatically declining of the major industry, Taebaek city is need to alternative industry which associated with considering the geographical characteristics of natural tourism resources for increasing the local economy. On the basis of these reasons, this study can be suggested ecological planning and mitigation of deterioration technique about the these study site. That is the reserved area for mountainous experience theme park. As the results of environmental ecology assessment are following as; The natural ecosystem areas, multi-layer structure forest such as forest of Pinus densiflora, forest of Quercus mongolica and deciduous forest have a high value of nature, diversity and potential. In addition, wild bird habitats were important area as a inhabitation, breeding, feeding and hiding. Therefore, on these areas should be preserved. Also, it needs to conserve on there such as more than three types of wild bird inhabitate areas, the fringe of high biological diversity, the wetland that have got good vegetation condition and the function of amphibia, reptiles crossing. In addition, inhabitation, the waterway of wetland form that have got wide waterside width needs to conserve. In conclusion, on the basis of analysis results such as conditions of plan, environment, ecological assessments, survey informations are able to suggest the connectivity of the axis of forest and management plan. Moreover, in the part of forest restoration plan, we suggest the plan of transplant for a compensation of damaged forest by land use.