• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2022

This study analyzed changes in the vegetation structure of 16 permanent plots (experimental and control) installed in Wando Arboretum in 1996 to monitor the long-term change process of evergreen broad-leaved forests in warm temperate. Especially, this study discusses the effects of trial treatment (selection cutting and plant introduction), introduced as a restoration technique in 1996, on vegetation development. In communities dominated by Quercus acuta in the canopy (permanent plots 1 through 3), this species's mean important percentage (MIP) decreased, and the evergreen broad-leaved species was introduced from outside increased, likely to change the vegetation structure in the future. The expansion of the evergreen broad-leaved species group was also confirmed in Q. acuta-deciduous broad-leaved forests (permanent plots 5 and 7) and Pinus densifloraforests (permanent plots 9 and 10). In the experimental plots where thinning was carried out, the zoochory (the dispersal of seeds by birds), Cinnamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, etc., and the expansion of the influence of evergreen broad-leaved species were remarkable, so it is considered to have effectively promoted the vegetation development in warm temperate forests. Although evergreen broad-leaved species were planted in the experimental plot to change vegetation structure, it seems the effect on the change was weak due to the small amount of planting. Compared to other vegetation types, the change in the vegetative structure of the pine forest to an evergreen broad-leaved forest was clear due to the decline of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1992

The reconstruction of the vegetational and environmental history of the Korean peninsula by the use of various fossil floral data from the Carboniferous period to the Pre-Holocene is reviewed. Though the oldest plant fossil in Korea (Neuropteris) dates back to the Carboniferous period, the first appearance of many of the present-day floristic genera indeed dates back to the Oligocene (c. 40 to 20 million years B.P.), and includes many thermophilous genera. The presence of thermophilous genera in the Oligocene at up to four degrees north of their present distributional limits implies that the climate of the Oligocene was warmer than that of today. The occurrence of similar thermophilous floristic element at up to six degrees north of their present range during the Middle Miocene suggests a maximum northward expansion of warmth-loving evergreen broadleaved vegetation for, recent Korean vegetation history. The continued occurrence of numerous present-day genera since the Oligocene period indicates a long-term stability of Korean vegetation, along with minor fluctuations within it. The admixture of evergreen coniferous plants and deciduous breadleaved plants, however, indicates a probable temperate climate for much of the Middle Pleistocene. There are couple of evidences which are indicative of an early-stage anthropogenic disturbance of natural vegetation during the Middle Pleistocene of Korea. The presence of cold-episodes during the Upper Pleistocene caused a general expansion of deciduous plants and cryophilous evergreen coniferous, plants. It is likely that the maximum southward expansion of cryophilous arctic-alpine and alpine floras in Korea occured during the penultimate glacial period. The disappearance of some cryophilous genera from 10,000 years B.P. marks the continued climatic amelioration since then, along with minor climatic fluctuations during the Holocene period.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.277-288
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• 2012

Estuary is unique habitat ground under substantial changes of water quality, river side, bed material, and micro topography. Construction of SinGok underwater weir with excessive dredging for downstream of weir has changed hydraulic conditions of Han River. This study investigates spatial changes of estuary and expansion process of vegetation on sandbar for JangHang estuary in Han River through analysis of physical and ecological characteristics. As a result of investigation, we found that area of sandbar in JangHang estuary is expanded six times compared between 1985 and 2006, and area of Phragmites australis is gradually decreased while area of Salix subfragilis Anderson. is increased. Also the analysis result of soil layer shows that the Jang-Hang wetlands are created by effect from river, and woody plants are settled from middle part of wetlands, then spread to upper and lower part of wetlands.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 2019

The Gonggeomji Reservoir is a historical irrigation facility built in the 8th century and designated as a wetland protected area by Ministry of Environment, Korea. In order to collect the baseline data necessary for developing a sustainable conservation strategy, we investigated the classification of actual vegetation, the vegetation distribution and the floristic structure of the vegetation in the Gonggeomji Wetland Protection Area. In the whole protection area, a total of 26 plant communities were classified including the wetland, riparian, grassland, forest, farmland, and orchard vegetation. According to the results of detrended correspondence analysis, the structure of wetland vegetation was mainly affected by water depth and human disturbance. In reservoir wetlands, floating vegetation such as Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica, Trapa japonica, and emergent vegetation such as Nelumbo nucifera, Typha spp. completely covered the water surface. Since 2014, the reservoir wetland has been terrestrialized with the expansion of emergent and hygrophytic plants. For the sustainable conservation and restoration of wetland protected areas, it is necessary to naturalize the topography and wetland vegetation, recovery the hydrologic system, and restore ecosystem connectivity from wetlands to forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.507-524
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• 2022

In this study, we revealed the location environment and community structural characteristics after extensively investigating Korea's warm-temperate island areas and categorizing vegetation through TWINSPAN analysis. Based on it, this study aims to suggest the direction of the vegetation restoration plan for warm-temperate forests by deriving a restoration strategy for each vegetation type. The vegetation types were clearly divided into eight types, and communities I through IV were good evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by Machilus thunbergii and Castanopsis sieboldii. On the other hand, communities V through VIII were Pinus thunbergii forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, and artificial forest, and retrogressive succession vegetation in the warm-temperate areas. The environmental factors derived from the DCA analysis were altitude (average temperature of the coldest month) and distance from the coastline (salt tolerance). The distribution pattern of warm-temperate forests has been categorized into M. thunbergii, C. sieboldii and Cyclobalanopsis spp. forest types according to the two environmental factors. It is reasonable to apply the three vegetation types as restoration target vegetation considering the location environment of the restoration target site. In communities V through VIII, P. thunbergiiand deciduous broad-leaved formed a canopy layer, and evergreen broad-leaved species with strong seed expansion frequently appeared in the ground layer, raising the possibility of vegetation succession as evergreen broad-leaved forests. The devastated land where forests have disappeared in the island areas is narrow, but vegetation such as P. thunbergii and deciduous broad-leaved forests, which have become a retrogressive succession, forms a large area. The restoration strategy of renewing this area into evergreen, broad-leaved forests should be more effective in realizing carbon neutrality and promoting biodiversity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.153-162
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• 2011

This study analyzed the spatio-temporal change detection of land-use and urbanization in Yongin and Anseong regions, Kyunggi Province, using three Landsat-5 TM images for 1990, 1996, and 2000. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were used for image classification and result analysis. Six land-use types were classified using supervised maximum likelihood classification. In the two study areas, the land-use changed significantly, especially the decrease of arable land and forest and increase of built-up area. Spatially, the urban expansion of Yongin region showed a spreading trend mainly along the national road and expressways. But in Anseong region the expansion showed 'urban sprawl phenomenon' with irregular shape like starfish. Temporally, the urban expansion showed disparity - the growth rates of urbanized area rose from the period 1990-1996 to 1996-2000 in both study areas. The increased built-up areas were converted mainly from paddy, dry vegetation, and forest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.71-87
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• 2007

In order to improve and manage rationally for Youngdam creek in Haman-gun, the channel change, water quality and ecological adaptation etc. were evaluated by monitoring during three years. The distinct differences of channel characteristics appeared in the extents of bed excavation and the revetment methods because overall reconstruction was occurred intense disturbance of width expansion and levee construction etc. The scour and deposition were caused according to channel characteristics of ripple and pool, and the adaptation of vegetation was distinguished from each revetment methods clearly. Water quality was maintained first class on the basis of BOD as 0.5~1.5mg/${\ell}$. The vegetation appeared in 380 species close-to-nature river improvement before, but 64 species it after one year, 159 species it after two year and 158 species it after three year. The animal life appeared in 123 species of close-to-nature river improvement before, but 103 species it after one year, 116 species it after two year and 119 species it after three year.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 2006

The flora of vascular plants in Geojedo revealed to be 550 taxa based on only the voucher specimens to be collected. It comprise 108 families, 341 genera, 478 species, 69 varieties and 3 forms respectively. Among them, 13 taxa of Korean endemics and 8 taxa of rare and endangered plants were investigated in addition to 75 taxa of specially designated plants announced by the Ministry of Environment. Furthermore, 36 taxa of induced and naturalized plants were also observed in this area. One of the characteristics of forest vegetation is the broadly occupation of Pinus thunbergii on whole area of Geojedo. Although it's well condition and conservation status, the destruction area of vegetation was rapidly increasing by the industrial development, the deforestation and the tramp as well as by the basic disturbances of human beings. Therefore, more active and positive conservation strategy such as expansion of conservation area should be prepared rapidly by the results of long-term monitoring studies.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2012

Biomass expansion factors, which convert timber volume (or dry weight) to biomass, are used for estimating the forest biomass and accounting for the carbon budget at a regional or national scale. We estimated the biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEF), biomass expansion factors (BEF), root to shoot ratio (R), and ecosystem biomass expansion factor (EBEF) for Quercus mongolica Fisch. and Quercus variabilis Bl. forests based on publications in Korea. The mean BCEF, BEF, and R for Q. mongolica was 1.0383 Mg/$m^3$ (N = 27; standard deviation [SD], 0.5515), 1.3572 (N = 27; SD, 0.1355), and 0.2017 (N = 32; SD, 0.0447), respectively. The mean BCEF, BEF, and R for Q. variabilis was 0.7164 Mg/$m^3$ (N = 17; SD, 0.3232), 1.2464 (N = 17; SD, 0.0823), and 0.1660 (N = 8; SD, 0.0632), respectively. The mean EBEF, as a simple method for estimating the ground vegetation biomass, was 1.0216 (N = 7; SD, 0.0232) for Q. mongolica forest ecosystems, and 1.0496 (N = 8; SD, 0.0725) for Q. variabilis forest ecosystems. The biomass expansion factor values in this study may be better estimates of forest biomass in Q. mongolica or Q. variabilis forests of Korea compared with the default values given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the vegetation of wetland and terrestrial lands in Jangdo wetland conserved area in Korea and to analyze the characteristics of the vegetation changes in the recent years. From the plant community, there were evergreen broad-leaved forests of the Machilus thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata, and Machilus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata communities. Moreover, there were deciduous broad-leaved forests of the Salix koreensis, Mallotus japonicus, Mallotus japonicus-Pueraria thunbergiana and Celtis sinensis communities. Additionally, there were shrub forests of the Rosa multiflora-Rubus hirsutus, grassland of Molinia japonica-Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Imperata cylindrica communities, and plantation forest of the Pseudosasa japonica community. The area of the wetland vegetation (15%) was much narrower than that of the terrestrial land vegetation (85%). Comparing these results with those of the past 10 years, the wetland plant communities decreased by one-third and the proportion of neutral or dry plant communities increased. In order to mitigate landization succession of the wetland and maintain native wetland vegetation in this area, the expansion of the Salix koreensis community must be controlled to a suitable scale. In addition, it is urgently required to remove the invasive non-wetland plants, such as Pseudosasa japonica and Pueraria thunbergiana.