• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.27-33
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• 1971

Information this research an attempt was made to investigate the plant community structure and the process of its formation in the tidal area surrounding Mokpo City the examined area included the stand in Sam-Hak Do wherein sands have inflowed, and the stand in Kat-Ba-Woo which has been left as tidal soil land. Two hundred stands were sampled by making 100m line transects 5m apart and establishing 30cm$\times$30cm quadrates 10m apart on each tape. These data were used to establish frequency, cover degree, density, standing crop (g/$m^2$), contained Cl in the soil, and pH. Results of the research are as following: 1. There were 25 species of plants in the stands from Sam-Hak Do, 18 in the stands from Kat-Ba-Woo, and so 28 species in all. Regardings the importance value, the rank of dominant species is Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Diplachne fusca L., Echinochola hispidula Nakai, Cyperus iria L., Setaria lutescens Hubbard in Sam-Hak Do, and Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Echinochloa hispidula Nakai, Aster tripolium L., Scripus maritimus L., Salicornia herbacea L., Diplachne fusca L., in the lands from Kat-Ba-Woo. Among them are five kinds of halophytes Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Atriplex Gmelini C.A. Meyer, Aster tripolium L., and Limonium tetragonum Bullock; and two Kinds of naturalized plants Diplachan fusca L., Aster subulata. M. In the stands from Sam-Hak Do there was evidence of a secondary succession phenomena in the presence of Cyperaceae such as Cyperus liria L., Juncus decipiens Nakai, and Fimbristylis longispica Steudal, which could not be found in the stands from Kat-Ba-Woo. 2. On the number of species of vegetation, the further inland from the floodgate the higher the number; that is, the lower the content of Cl the higher the number of species. 3. On the distribution of the vegetation; comparing DFD index and Cl content, the main plants are Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Atriplex gmelini C.A. Meyer, Diplachne fuscal, Echinochola hispidula Nakai where the Cl content of soil is more than 13.2%. 4. On the standing crop; Salicornia herbacea L., which has high resistance to salt, was half the total was production of 1090/$m^2$ while Suaeda maritima Dumorties was 1/4, Diplachne fusca L. 1/8, and Echinochloa the least. Analyzing the result, the research indicates that the main factor in plant community formation in tidal land is tolerance for Cl, and that a plan for utilizing the halophytes which are abundant in tidal land should be devised.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2010

This study was carried out to find out the way to build a comprehensive wetland ecosystem database using the technique of remote sensing and Geographic Information System. A Landsat TM image (taken in Oct. 30, 2002), Kompsat-2 images (Jan. 17, 2008 & Nov. 20, 2008), LiDAR(Mar. 1, 2009) were used for the primary source for the image analysis. Field surveys were conducted March to August of 2009 to help image analysis and examine the results. An actual wetland vegetation map was created based on the field survey. Satellite images were analyzed by unsupervised and supervised classification methods and finally categorized into such classes as Phragmites australis community, mixed community, sand beach, Scirpus planiculmis community and non-vegetation intertidal area. The map of wetland productivity was developed based on the productivity of Phragmites australis and the relationship to the proximity of adjacent water bodies. The developed 3 dimensional wetland map showed such several potential applications as flood inundation, birds flyway viewsheds and benthos distribution. Considering these results, we concluded that it is possible to use the remote sensing and GIS techniques for producing wetland ecosystem spatial database and these techniques are very effective for the development of the national wetland inventory in Korea.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.164-171
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• 2017

This study analysed 7 distribution features of dominant natural vegetation, such as elevation, slope, aspect, topographic index, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration using geographic information system(GIS) in Gayasan national park. The Gayasan national park has total 128 communities in which Pinus densiflora community occupies with 29.42%, Quercus mongolica community 27.66% relatively. These two communities comprise 80.58% out of total area, considering Q. mongolica & P. densiflora dominantly mixed communities. The Q. mongolica communities range around 575~1,065m(80.4%) in elevation, and the P. densiflora communities range around 465~965m(84.1%), respectively. The slopes of those two communities areas showed over $21^{\circ}$(78.0%) and (71.3%) respectively. In terms of slope aspect occurrence, Q. mongolica communities occur mostly on northern slope, and the P. densiflora communities on southern slope. The topographic indices of both communities occur around 5~6 most frequently. The Annual mean temperature distributions of Q. mongolica and P. densiflora range $7{\sim}8^{\circ}C$(83%), $8{\sim}9^{\circ}C$(84%), respectively, And the warmth index range of Q. mongolica is $59{\sim}70^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ and the P. densiflora community, $58{\sim}88^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. The potential evapotranspiration ranges mostly from 560 to 590mm/yr, in Q. mongolica communities, and from 580 to 610mm/yr in P. densiflora communities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.11-23
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the ecological characteristics and biological interactions between species of the abandoned rice paddy field in mountainous areas and to suggest a management strategy for stable food chain formation and biodiversity enhancement. The study site is located in Uldae wetland of Songchu district Bukhansan National Park, site characteristics and biological habitat characteristics were identified through site survey and literature survey. With regard to physical environment, among geographical features, the Uldae Wetland and the neighborhood inside the basin was a gently sloping area($5{\sim}15^{\circ}$). And 64.0% of basin faced the north. With regard to water environment, the Uldae Wetland was wetland of rainfed paddy field depending on precipitation and the system of stream flowing into the wetland from valley. According to the results of examining flora in plant ecology, in general, they were herbaceous wetland species. 88.6% of existing plants inside the Uldae Wetland basin was a forest in the mountain. And Quercus spp. community and Pinus densiflora community accounted for 64.6% of that, and was dominant. Except for that, Salix koreensis community was distributed. The existing vegetation of Uldae Wetland inhabited wetland species and terrestrialization indicator species, and it was thought that partial terrestrialization inside the Uldae Wetland was in progress after the discontinuation of paddy cultivation, such as the expansion of Salix koreensis distribution area. In the status of appearing faunae in the Uldae Wetland with regard to wildbirds of appearing principal species, The Uldae wetland was based on a abandoned rice paddy field various wildlife, and was a wildlife feeding, spawning, and resting place. The water environment was an important factor in maintaining the wetland living creatures function, habitat of waterbirds and benthic macroinvertebrates, amphibians and odonate are spawning ground and habitat, it was affecting the vegetation ecosystem based on wetlands. In order to maintain the diversity of wildlife, it was important to maintain smooth water supply and water level. A stable food chain will be formed and the Uldae wetland biodiversity will be abundant by establishing the relationship between the species of Uldae wetland, which is abandoned rice paddy field, and the habitat environment favored by species belonging to the ecosystem stepwise linkage. The ecological characteristics of the Uldae wetlands and the relation between the species were analyzed and the environmental conditions were reflected in the planning and management plan of Uldae wetland ecology.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.454-461
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• 2015

This study aims to classify the biotope types based on the vegetation community in built-up areas by different land use and to map the plant communities. By classifying biotopes according to a taxonomic system, the characteristics of a biological community can be well-represented. The biotope classification indexes for the target area include human behavioral factors such as land use intensity, land-use patterns and land-cover types. The type classification was divided into four hierarchic ranks starting with Biotope Class, next by Biotope Group and Biotope Type and lastly by Biotope Sub-Type. The Biotope Class was first divided into two areas: the areas improved by humans and the areas unimproved by humans. The improved areas were again divided into permeable and non-permeable regions on the Biotope Group level. In the Biotope Type level, permeable paving areas were divided into areas with wide gap pavers and those with narrow gap pavers. The differential species of each biotope type are Lindera glauca, Conyza canadensis, Mazus pumilus, Vicia tetrasperma, Crepidiastrum sonchifolium, Zoysis japonica, Potentilla supina and Festuca arundinacea. The results of this study suggest that the biotope classification methodology, using a subjective phytosociological approach, is a useful and valuable tool and the results also suggest the possibility of applying more objective and scientific methods in mapping and classifying various environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2006

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Miwangjae to Cheonwhangbong, 11 plots($2000m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups of Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica-Styrax japonica community, Q. mongolica-Pinus densiflora community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Miwangjae to Cheonwhangbong, and Styrax japonica and Pinus densiflora was partly occupied. High positive correlations was proved between Prunus sargentii and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus; Quercus serrata and Euonymus alatus; Sorbus alnifolia and Euonymus alatus, Magnolia sieboldii; Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus; Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatandus; Euonymus alatus and Lindera obtusiloba, Castanea crenata, Lindera erythrocarpa; Lespedeza bicolor and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Castanea crenata and Magnolia sieboldii; Magnolia sieboldii and Lindera erythrocarpa, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus; Lespedeza bicolor and Castanea crenata; Stephanandra incisa and Magnolia sieboldii; Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense and Lindera erythrocarpa; Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus and Magnolia sieboldii; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Sapium japonicum; Prunus sargentii and Lespedeza maximowiczii; Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lindera erythrocarpa. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups was ranged $2.3225{\sim}2.7721$, and it was relatively low value compared to that of mountain ridge area of other national parks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2008

To investigate the vegetation structure of the region from Bukhansanseong to Insubong in Bukhansan National park, 16 plost$(2500m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-Mixed Broad leaved community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica community was classified (or communities were classified) by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica were found as a major woody plant species in Bukhansan National park region. High positive correlation were proved between Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron; Quercus mongolica and Rhus tricocarpa; Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron schlippenbachi; Symplocos chinensis and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Magnolia sieboldii, and relatively high negative correlation was proved between Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Juniperus rigid a and Acer pseudosieboldianum; Styrax obassia and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.236\sim1.319$ and it was relatively high compared to those of the ridge area of other national parks.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

This study was conducted to provide the informations for conservation and effective management of Picea yezoensis community in Mt. Deogyu and Mt. Gyebang. The vegetation of tree, subtree and shrub layer was consist of 8, 20, 26 species in Mt. Deogyu, and 12, 23, 33 species in Mt. Gyebang. Importance value by layer P. yezoensis, Betula ermanii, Abies koreana at tree layer, B. ermanii, Quercus mongolica at subtree layer, and Sasa borealis at shrub layer in Mt. Deogyu, and P. yezoensis, B. ermanii, Abies nephrolepis at tree layer, Acer komarovii and A. ukurunduense at subtree layer, and Tripterygium regelii at shrub layer in Mt. Gyebang were high, respectively. Species diversity in Mt. Deogyu and Mt. Gyebang were 0.779 and 0.984 at tree layer, 1.052 and 1.161 at subtree layer, and 0.823 and 1.304 at shrub layer, respectively. According to the DBH class of major species, P. yezoensis in Mt. Deogyu showed a reverse J-shaped curve, which was estimated that P. yezoensis community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable state.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.169-179
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• 1999

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the spring naturalized plant communities in old-Andong city by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. As a result, the vegetation was classified into the six communities and two subcommunities: A. Bromus tectorum community A-a. Bromus japonicus subcommunity, A-b. Melica onoei subcommunity; B. Poa pratensis community; C. Rumex crispus community; D. Oenothera lamarckiana community; E. Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. eiatior community; F. Rumex conglomeratus community. The total taxa of the naturalized plant communities consisted of 31 families, 86 genera, 114 species and 13 varieties. Of which the taxa of the naturalized plant species consisted of 8 families, 21 genera, 25 species and 1 variety. The result of Bray-Curtis ordination revealed that the plots suveyed were arranged according largely to the vegetation units of' the communities. Also the interspecific affinity was examined by an analysis of interspecific association and the main component species in the communities were divided into two groups. The naturalized rate was higher in the communitise affected by strong human impacts, while was lower in the communities affected relatively less by human impacts. On the other hand the seasonal changes of the communities and the naturalized rate between the spring and the autumn were investigated. Many naturalized communities present in Spring were replaced by the other native ruderal communitues in the Autumn. The naturalized rate based on the dominance was largely decreased over from the spring to the Autumn.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2011

This study has analyzed the vegetation composition in the areas using different slope revetment techniques of riverbanks, in a way to improve the vegetation induction in the future considering the ecological aspects of the induction in Garaeyoul Village, Gangdong-gu, Seoul. The result of the vegetation distribution in each different slope revetment technique was analyzed, that the naturalized herb was dominant in the pole block accounting for 70.7%, while native herb was dominant in the lawn block occupying 48.5% and in the crib block occupying 55.7%. The vegetation coverage measured by different slope revetment techniques was highest in the crib block(average 97.5%), followed by the lawn block(average 95.3%) and pole block(average 27.9%). The vegetation base area was the most wide in the crib block and the most narrowest in the pole block. The result of community analysis in areas using different slope revetment techniques, dry herbs and vine herbs were dominated and the coverage was very poor in the pole block. In the lawn block, the barb was fragmented into narrow areas due to the blocks, which prevented the creation of large-scale plant communities. In the crib block, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Fescue arundinacea and Aster pilosus, which also consisted of large-scale communities. Average dry weight was also measured by each slope revetment technique. The weight was heaviest in the crib block with $187.63g/m^2$, followed by the lawn block($137.65g/m^2$) and pole block($6.75g/m^2$). The soil moisture contents in the crib block and lawn block was 16.3% and 15.2%, respectively, while that of the pole block was 4.7%, which revealed the highly dry condition of the pole block soil. The analysis result of soil chemical property showed that there was little difference in soil texture, soile acidity(pH), and exchangeable ion content, however, the soil organic matter(OM) content and available $P_2O_5$ were highest in the pole block. In the future, in order to induce more vegetation into river banks and walls, a proper construction method should be applied so that the vegetation area can be expanded as much as possible, considering the safety of the banks.