• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.364-370
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• 2014

The nutrient and irrigation management of scion and rootstock can alleviate stress on grafted transplants after grafting and promote the growth. This study investigated the effects of nutrient and irrigation management of scion and rootstock on the graft-take and growth of grafted pepper transplants. Before grafting, the scions were subjected to different water potential regimes in media by controlling the irrigation frequency and time. The scions were subirrigated 0, 1(two days before grafting), 1(one days before grafting) or 2 times for five days before grafting. The irrigation frequency and time influenced the water potential of media and the growth of scion and grafted transplants. At 13 days after grafting, fresh and dry weight of transplants which were irrigated once at two days before grafting were greater by 29 and 34% than those without irrigation during five days before grafting. This suggests that mild water stress on scion prior to grafting by controlling water management alleviate water stress on grafted transplants after grafting and improve the growth. Before grafting, the rootstocks were subjected to different nutrient regimes by controlling nutrient solution application. The rootstocks were supplied with nutrient solution 0, 1, 2, or 4 times. The nutrient application frequency and time influenced the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of media. Accordingly, the growth and mineral contents of rootstock and grafted transplants were also affected. At 13 days after grafting, fresh and dry weight of transplants with four times of nutrient application increased by 30 and 20%, respectively, than those without nutrient solution supply during seven days before grafting. Therefore, it is recommended that nutrient solution be supplied more than four times during seven days before grafting for the production of high quality transplants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.230-237
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• 2003

For hygenic evaluation, microbiological tests of seasoned raw vegetal)les from five high school foodservice operations were conducted. The antimicrobiological effect of pre-preparation with vinegar against microorganisms on vegetables in foodservice operations was also investigated. Total plate counts of leek gukgalli, broad bellflower saengchae and vegetable salad ranged from 10$^4$ CFU/g to 10$^{6}$ CFU/g. Coliform levels of those ranged from 10$^2$CFU/g to 10$^4$ CFU/g. Leek washed three times was pre-prepared at different concentration (0.05%,0.1%,0.5%,1% and 2%) and temperature ( 1$0^{\circ}C$ 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$) for 5, 10 and 30 minutes. The higher the concentration and temperature of vinegar were, the more the antimicrobiological activity increased. The sanitizing activity of vinegar increased with treatment time. Considering the quality of vegetable and the expense, when the levels of total plate counts and coliform of vegetable were 10$^{6}$ and 10$^3$ CFU/g, pre-preparation with 0.5% of vinegar at 2$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes was best. The population of total plate count and coliform on row and leek washed three times increased during storage for 72 hours. However, The levels of microorganism on leek samples pre-prepared with 0.5% and 1% vinegar decreased during storage. After the treatment of vinegar at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, Staphylocucus aureus, Escherichia coli O157, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella entritidis, Listeria monolytogenes were not detected.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2003

Soil and water quality was monitored in the Nakdong River basin to assess the impact of different agricultural practices. From five catchments, soil samples were collected at three times during 1996 to 1998, and water samples were collected at twelve times on July during 1995 to 1999. The major agricultural practices were paddy and upland farming in three areas surveyed: Youngju, Goryung, and Milyang. Apple orchards were located along in the Imgo-Cheon catchment. Intensive vegetable farming in plastic fIlm house was practiced in the Habin-Cheon catchment. Total N contents, 0.04-0.32%, of paddy soils were low in comparison with those of upland, orchard, and plastic film house soils. Available phosphate($P_2O_5$) contents, $2-421mg\;kg^{-1}$, in plastic film house soils were higher than those in paddy soils. In plastic film house and upland soils, CEC of soils were high. The N concentrations in most of the streams were higher than $1.0mg^{-1}$, the standard of agricultural irrigation water. The P concentrations were above $1.0mg^{-1}$, the standard of agricultural irrigation water and were higher than the minimum level for eutrophication, $0.01-0.05mg\;L^{-1}$ in most of the streams. In conclusion, nutrients by agricultural activity could affect water quality of streams near the agricultural fields. Good water quality in streams can be maintained by proper management of agricultural fields and by decreasing application amount of fertilizers in agricultural fields.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 1990

This research was carried out as a basic survey to provide more effective and improved food service for the soliders of the Armed Forces who are serving to defend the Republic of Korea subjects were selected randomly who were serving in the army for a short-term. Following is the result of a survey regarding the situation of their meals, dietary life, and their food preference of 190 kinds of foodstuffs. As a result of surveying the dietary life of the soldiers, they indicated that there was dissatisfaction in the current Food Service because it lacked tasted and the same kind of meals were being served too frequently with regard to this, many subjects expressed that they were eating out because of the quality of they get from the regular meal service the meals, that is they were eating in restaurants to resolve their dissatisfaction over the quality of the meals. It was also surveyed that in the current meals there is a need to diversify ways in preparing food, increase the number of dishes, and improve the tasts of the food by using improved cooking method. It seemed that the soldiers were satisfied in the quantitative level of the current food service but that there is a need to improve the meals in quality. Following is the result of a survey on the preference of foodstuffs. In case of rice as the stationary food, mixture of five-grain plain white cooked rice showed a higher propensity compared to plain whte boiled rice. This shows that soliders prefer various cereals in their rice. Soliders liked soup made from meat better than vegetable soup or soup made from fish. Especially there was a high performance for beef soup. Soliders liked One-dish meals such as fried rice or boiled rice with asserted mixtures, noodled, and dumplings on the whole-soliders generally liked vegetables and they liked uncooked vegetables better than cooked vegetables. Generally everyone liked beverages and there was a high preference for dessert. Among various rice cakes soliders liked songpyon(rice cake steamed on a layer of pine needles) and injolmi (cake made from glutinous rice). On the other hand, soliders did not like food prepared with fish, biscuits and candy very much. In the way of preparing food, soliders liked food that were fried in deep far rather than food cooked in water. Also they liked pot stem better than soup. As examined in the survey, those surveyed wanted improvement in the quality and diversity of the food rather than increase the number of food and quality. Therefore there is a need for diversified supply and demand of quality of meal service.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.601-608
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• 2014

To determine the optimal shelf life for maintaining the high quality of kohlrabi, the changes in the physiological and secondary metabolites of kohlrabi stems during storage were investigated. The results showed that the kohlrabi maintained its marketable quality for two weeks at room temperature and for two months in cold storage ($4^{\circ}C$). Interestingly, the total phenol and flavonoid contents sharply declined along with the quality deterioration after two-week storage at room temperature. Moreover, insignificant changes in these compounds were observed for two months during the cold storage. The secondary metabolites of the kohlrabi were also influenced by its storage condition. The total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the kohlrabi significantly increased with the storage periods at low temperature, and significantly decreased with the storage periods at room temperature. In terms of the packaging, no significant difference in the total phenol content of the kohlrabi was found between the packaged and non-packaged types of storage. However, the flavonoid content of the packaged kohlrabi was higher than that of the non-packaged kohlrabi at the end of their storage. The content of glucosinolates, an anti-cancer ingredient was maintained during the storage, so the vegetables remained good sources of these compounds when stored in cold storage even for a long period. This study showed a close correlation between the secondary metabolites and the change in the quality of kohlrabi during storage. The results also suggested that secondary metabolites such as phenolics can be considered quality indicators of the shelf life of kohlrabi.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.152-166
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenosides, which have various physiological activities, are known to be abundant in the leaves and roots of ginseng. Ginseng sprouts can be used as a fresh vegetable and roots, stems, and leaves of ginseng can be consumed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide treatment and the modified atmosphere (MA) packaging method in suppressing quality deterioration during the distribution of ginseng sprouts. Methods and Results: Ginseng sprouts were packed using Styrofoam, barrier film + non gas treatment, barrier film + gas treatment, 15 ㎛ polyamide (PA) double film + non gas treatment, 15 ㎛ PA double film + gas treatment, 25 ㎛ PA film + non gas treatment, or 25 ㎛ PA film + gas treatment. Quality parameters including gas composition, relative humidity, chlorophyll SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, firmness, and rate of quality loss in ginseng sprouts were monitored at the following temperatures: 20℃, and 10℃. Ginseng sprouts packaged with 25 ㎛ PA film showed loss in quality because of wilting owing to low relative humidity within the film. Chlorophyll and firmness did not differ between film and gas treatments. The time point at which the combined loss from softening and decay owing to fungal, and bacterial infection and wilt reached 20% was considered the limit of distribution. At 20℃, the packaging not included in the 20% distribution loss rate limit or up to 7 days was 15 ㎛ PA double film + gas treatment. At 10℃, the packaging not included in the 20% distribution loss rate limit for up to 18 days were barrier film + gas treatment and 15 ㎛ PA double film + gas treatment. Conclusions: The film packaging suitable for the distribution of ginseng sprouts was found to be the barrier film and PA film with low gas permeability and maintaining hygroscopicity at 95% relative humidity. To prevent the loss in quality of ginseng sprouts, gas treatment (8% of O₂ and 18% of CO₂) in the film was found to be more suitable than no gas treatment for inhibition of decay.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.474-484
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• 2020

Objectives: The number of schools offering school lunches has increased in China. This study examined the dietary quality of the lunches consumed by Chinese school-age children and adolescents, with a focus on comparing school lunches with home lunches. Methods: The first weekday 24-hour dietary recall data of 6~17-year-old students (n=1,084) from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The subjects were divided into the school lunch group and the home lunch group, and the dietary quality of lunches was compared between the two groups among 6~11-year-old students (n=634; 177 in the school lunch group and 457 in the home lunch group) and 12~17-year-old students (n=450; 144 in the school lunch group and 306 in the home lunch group), respectively. Frequently consumed foods, amount of food group intake, food group intake pattern, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and Dietary Variety Score (DVS) were examined. Results: The most frequently consumed foods in both lunch groups were rice and pork. An excessive intake of meat and insufficient intake of seafood were noted in both lunch groups. The school lunch group showed a lower level of vegetable consumption than the home lunch group (P=0.017 in 6~11-year-old students, P=0.003 in 12~17-year-old students). Although more students ate meals with a better dietary pattern in the school lunch group than the home lunch group, there were no significant differences in DDS and DVS between the two groups. Conclusions: Overall, the dietary quality of lunches was not superior in the school lunch group compared to the home lunch group. This suggests that much room remain for improving dietary quality of school lunches in China.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.354-362
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• 2009

This study was performed to develop a suitable nutrient solution for standard rose substrate culture in a closed hydroponic system. 1/4, 1/2, 2/3 and 1 strength of the nutrient solution made by Japan National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (JNIVT) were supplied. The photosynthesis rate, quality and growth of cut flower were higher in the 1/2 and 2/3 strength of nutrient solution during high and low temperature period. Based on the above results, optimum nutrient solutions (UOS) were composed by nutrientwater (n/w) absorption ratio with 1/2S ($NO_{3^-}N$ 6.8, $NH_{4^-}N$ 0.7, $PO_{4^-}P$ 2.0, K 3.8, Ca 3.0, Mg 1.2, $SO_{4^-}S$ $1.2me{\cdot}L^{-1}$) at high temperature season and 2/3($NO_{3^-}N$ 9.7, $NH_{4^-}N$ 0.8, $PO_{4^-}P$ 2.2, K 5.0, Ca 3.9, Mg 1.5, $SO_{4^-}S$ $1.5me{\cdot}L^{-1}$) at low temperature season. The results of suitability examination showed that the EC level in newly composed nutrient solution (UOS) was more stable than other nutrient solutions due to its large amount of calcium and potassium. The growth of cut flower cultivated with UOS was higher than those of other nutrient solutions. Especially, the yield of cut flowers in UOS nutrient solution increased 1.4 times than that of other nutrient solution treatments. Consequently, the new nutrient solution investigated in this experiment was suitable for rose cultivation in a closed hydroponic system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.672-680
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• 2012

To determine the characteristics of four different sweet pumpkins (Minimam, Bojjang, Ajikuroi and Kurijiman), juices were made from these varieties. The carotenoids in the flesh were 1.5~2 times higher than those in the skin and were highest in the flesh of the Minimam pumpkin among all the pumpkin varieties studied. The vitamin A contents were higher in the skin than in the flesh, and Minimam had the highest vitamin A content (2,016.57 IU/100 g) while Kurijiman had the lowest (998.83 IU/100 g). The vitamin C contents varied from 43.21 to 82.35 mg%, but there were no significant differences between the flesh and the skin. That of Kurijiman was the highest among the varieties studied. The major mineral of these varieties was potassium, which was highest in the flesh of Ajikuroi, followed by phosphorus. The antioxidant activities of the sweet pumpkin water extracts were higher in the skin than in the flesh. The $EC_{50}$ of the Minimam skin was the highest (4.01 mg/mL), and that of the Ajikuroi flesh was the lowest. The sweet pumpkin juice yields were 69.5~89.4%, with significant differences shown according to the variety. That of the peeled Ajikuroi's flesh was the highest. The pH was 7.17~7.83, and the unpeeled sweet pumpkin's pH was higher than that of the peeled sweet pumpkin. The Brix degree was $12.5{\sim}16.6^{\circ}Brix$, with that of the unpeeled Bojjang being the highest($16.1^{\circ}Brix$) and that of the unpeeled Ajikuroi the lowest ($12.7^{\circ}Brix$). The sweet pumpkin beverage made with pressed juice was adjusted by pH 3.5 with citric acid, and the Brix degree was maintained at the $12^{\circ}Brix$ with sugar. The adjusted beverage, which was the peeled pumpkin flesh juice, had suspension stability for a short time. The sweet pumpkin beverage had a certain flovor and a slimy mouthfeel. Bojjang and Kurijiman were evaluated as the best in the terms of taste and color, but the peeled Minimam and Bojjang showed the best results overall.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2005

A study was conducted on three pollination methods on oriental melon(sageageol-ggul) grafting with pumpkin(seongjutozoa) for the labor-saving and to improve fruit set. Fruit weight, flesh thickness and fruit setting rate of oriental melon were greater in growth regulators treatment than those of pollinated by bees. Sugar content and hardness of fruits pollinated by bees were higher than those of by growth regulators. From the last ten days of the February to the first ten days of the March, fruit setting rate was $95\%$ in fruit setting growth regulators, whereas it was $46\%$ and $45\%$ in pollinated by honey and bumble bee, respectively. After the middle of March, the percentage of fruit setting was >$98\%$ in all the pollination methods. The cultivation under plastic houses of oriental melon, suitable fruiting time far the pollination by bees was decided after middle days of the March. Chromaticity and especially the value of 'a' of fruit of oriental melon pollinated by bees were higher than those of growth regulators. The percentage of fermented fruits of bee pollinated and growth regulators treated was $6.7\~9.1\%\;and\;28.1\%$, respectively. The weight of 100 seeds of bees pollinated were higher than that of growth regulators. The more increased the weight of 100 seeds the less appeared the rate of fermented fruits. The percentage of marketable fruits of the honey and bumble bee pollinated and that of growth regulators treated was $82\%,\;80.3\%\;and\;62.5\%$, respectively. The decreasing rate of fruit weight during storage of bees pollinated was less than those of growth regulators. In these results, the introduction of honey bee and bumble bee for the pollination of oriental melon was able to labor-saving of fruit set and increase of fruit quality.