• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.525-535
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nutritional education for juveniles' desirable vegetable intake by analyzing their vegetable intake, dietary habit and nutrient intakes according to gender of middle school students in Chungnam. The average age of the subjects was 15.0, height was 162.5 cm, weight was 53.5 kg and their average BMI was $20.1kg/m^2$. The frequency of eating supper in girls was lower than that in boys. Many respondents answered that a meal-time was 10~20 minutes. Without gender difference, more than 90% respondents thought that vegetables were good for health. As for the preference of vegetable, subjects responded, "I am in the middle", "I like them", "I dislike them", "I like them very much", and "I dislike them very much" in order, without gender difference. The frequent eaten leaf vegetable was Chinese cabbage, the frequent eaten fruit vegetable was cucumber, and the frequent eaten root vegetable was radish. The favorite leaf vegetable was lettuce, the favorite fruit vegetable was corn, and the favorite root vegetable was sweet potato. The preference degrees of taro and ginger were very low. The reasons why they liked a vegetable were that it was delicious and they ate it at home often. In addition, the reason why they disliked vegetables was that they are untasty in flavor or texture and it showed that many students had a prejudice that vegetables were untasty. The intakes of plant protein, dietary fiber, ash and INQs of dietary fiber, calcium, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E in the group with high preference of vegetables were significantly higher than those of low preference group. The study results indicate that intake frequency and preference of root vegetables in juveniles are low and the major reasons of these results are taste and eating experience of vegetables. In addition, the intake amounts of dietary fiber and folate are poor in the subjects with low preference of vegetables. Therefore, families and schools should make efforts that juveniles can recognize the importance of vegetable intake and select various vegetables properly through the development of cooking methods and systematic nutrition education.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.1279-1284
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• 2016

식물성 단백질 급원인 탈지대두박에 Flavourzyme$^{(R)}$(F), Neutrase$^{(R)}$(N), Alcalase$^{(R)}$(A), Protamex$^{(R)}$(P)의 단백질 분해효소를 작용시켰을 때 짠맛을 많이 생성하는 조건을 확인하고자 하였다. 효소처리 순서를 달리하여 제조한 enzyme hydrolyzed vegetable protein의 고형분 함량은 1차 Neutrase $^{(R)}$(N), 2차 Alcalase$^{(R)}$(A), 3차 Flavourzyme$^{(R)}$(F), 4차 Protamex$^{(R)}$(P)를 처리한 NAFP 처리구에서 5.60%로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으나 고형분 함량에서는 효소의 처리 순서가 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 아미노태질소 함량은 24개의 처리구들 중에서 ANFP(102.76 mg%)와 APNF(102.85 mg%) 처리구가 통계적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 정량묘사분석 결과 짠맛은 PNFA(11.81) 처리구가 통계적으로 유의차를 나타내며 높은 값을 나타내었고, NPAF(10.14), FPNA(10.00), APNF(9.80), NAFP(9.76), AFNP(9.57), APFN(9.52), NPFA(9.50) 처리구가 처리구간에 통계적으로 유의차를 나타내지 않으며 다음으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 감칠맛은 모든 처리구에서 통계적으로 유의차를 나타내지 않았다. 쓴맛 후미는 AFPN(5.67) 처리구가 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으며 FAPN(2.38), PNAF(2.62), NAPF(2.48) 처리구에서 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 관능평가 묘사분석 결과를 주성분 분석한 결과 PNFA, NAFP, APFN, NPAF, FPNA, NPFA, APNF 처리구는 짜고 감칠맛 나는 맛을 낼 수 있는 효소처리법이었다. 따라서 이들 효소의 처리 순서가 짜고 감칠맛 나는 식물단백효소 분해물의 제조에 바람직한 방법임을 알 수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1111-1120
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• 2017

내습성 및 감수성 선발계통 각 1점씩을 대상으로 침수처리 후 GO 분석을 통해 추출된 유전자들을 기능별로 분류해보면 생물학적 과정(biological process)에 관여하는 유전자 발현이 가장 크게 영향을 받았으며, 분자 기능(molecular function)과 세포 요소(cellular component) 관련 유전자를 포함하여 모든 기능의 유전자 발현 변화가 감수성 계통보다 내습성 계통에서 크게 일어났다. 침수처리 후 발현 양상이 유의하게 차이나는 유전자의 보다 자세한 기능을 측정한 결과 내습성 계통에서 발현량이 증가한 유전자는 CA02g26670은 CONSTANS protein과 관련있는 유전자로 일장조건에 따른 개화조절에 관여하는 유전자이며, 발현량이 감소한 유전자는 CA01g21450, CA01g22480, CA01g34470, CA02g00370, CA02g00380이었다. 감수성 계통에서 침수처리 후 발현량이 증가한 유전자는 CA02g09720, CA02g21290, CA03g16520, CA07g02110, CA12g17910이었는데 각각 단백질 분해효소 활성 저해, DNA binding, 세포벽 분해효소 억제, nodulin 관련 유전자 등으로 밝혀진 유전자들이었다. 감수성 계통에서 발현량이 감소한 유전자는 CA02g02820, CA03g21390, CA06g17700, CA07g18230로 각각 칼슘이온결합, 고온환경 발현기작, 레시틴 생합성 경로의 수용성중간대사체인 phosphocholine 합성 및 저온스트레스 관련 등의 기능을 한다. 내습성 계통과 감수성 계통에서 동시에 발현이 증가한 유전자는 고온 등 환경스트레스로 인한 apoptosis와 관련된 유전자와 peroxidase와 관련있는 유전자로 확인되었고, 발현이 동시에 감소한 유전자는 nucleoside transporter인 CA02g16990로 확인되었으며, 나머지 선발 유전자는 유전자 발현이 확인되지 않았다. 내습성 및 감수성 계통간 습해 조건에서 발현에 차이를 보이는 유전자 구명을 기반으로 향후 불량환경에 대해 저항성을 보이는 계통 육성 및 관련 생리반응에 대한 다양한 연구가 필요하다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1997

The effect of various vegetables commonly consumed by Koreans on the induction of glutathione S-trasferase(GST) activity in mice was assessd. The extract of vegetable dissolved in propylene glycol (5ml/kg body wt.) was administered to ICR female mice 6 to 8 weeks old via gavage during 5 days. The changes of body weight and liver weight of all treated groups were not significantly different compared with control group. Hepatic protein contents of trated groups compared with control group were not significantly different except BHT treated group. The induction of GST activity in liver cytosol of mice was the greatest with broccoli, followed by radish, wild green onion, turnip, and green onion. The induction of GST activity in liver cytosol increased up to 1.5 to 1.8-folds at a dose of 24 g fresh vegetable/mouse. The induction of combination between vegetables was the highest with the combination of broccoli and radish (1.83-fold), followed by that of broccoli and green onion (1.72-fold), and that of broccoli and turnip (1.50-fold).

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-15
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• 2001

To assess diet quality by food group intake and to investigate the interrelationship of age, dietary diversity score(DDS), dietary variety score(DVS), dietary frequency score(DFS), food group intake and nutrient intake with food group intake, a dietary survey was conducted with 176 preschool children aged 1 to 6 in Busan using a 24-hr recall method. Food group intake was assessed by food number consumed and intake frequency by six food groups(grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy, sweets group). The mean food numbers consumed and intake frequencies by six feed group were 3.1 and 4.0 in the grain group, 3.6 and 4.0 in the meat group, 3.5 and 4.1 in the vegetable group, 1.0 and 1.1 in the fruit group, 1.3 and 1.5 in the dairy group, 1.4 and 1.4 in the sweets group respectively. As age increased, the intake frequency of the grain group(p<0.05) increased but that of the dairy group(p<0.05) decreased significantly. The DVS and DFS didn't show significant correlations with intake frequency of the dairy group. The grain group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the meat, vegetable, and fruit groups. The vegetable group intake had signigicant positive correlations with intakes of the grain and meat groups. The dairy group intake had significant positive correlation with sweets group intake but negative correlations with intakes of the grain and vegetable groups. As the intake frequency of the meat group increased, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratios) of all nutrients and NAR(mean adequacy ratio) increased significantly. NARs of provein iron, vitamin B$_1$, niacin had the highest correlation with the meat group intake and those of protein, calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin B$_2$ had the highest correlation with the dairy group intake. NARs of vitamin A and vitamin C had the highest correlation with intake of the vegetable and fruit groups respectively. Children with food number consumed and intake frequency of above 6 and 4 in the grain group or above 6 and 6 in the meat group or above 4 and 8 on the

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2013

Despite well established health benefits, today's children do not eat enough vegetables. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the number of unfamiliar foods in the vegetable food group and the preference for these foods and dietary factors. Subjects were 1,072 children in 5th and 6th grades from elementary schools located in 4 cities in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. A two-page questionnaire consisted of questions asking about the subjects' preference and familiarity for 64 foods in the vegetable group, preferences for three fast foods, four types of vegetable dishes, and six tastes. Also included in the questionnaire were questions assessing subjects' adherence to national dietary guidelines. The subjects were divided into quintiles according to the number of unfamiliar vegetables; the 1st quintile (N=226) was children who had less than 14 unfamiliar vegetables and the 5th quintile (N=229) was more than 29. Compared to the children in the other quintiles, the children in the 5th quintile had a significantly lower adherence to national dietary guidelines regarding consumptions of vegetable and protein sources, regular exercise, awareness of desirable height and weight, and reading food labels, as well as total (P<0.05). The preferences for bland tastes (P<0.05), salads (saengchae, P<0.01), stir-fried vegetables (P<0.01), and several vegetable items (P<0.05) were significantly lower in the 5th quintile compared to the other quintiles. This study proposes the potential benefits of teaching children names of a variety of vegetables to improve their dietary factors such as food preferences and dietary habits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.973-980
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional value and in situ degradability of fruit-vegetable byproducts and their feeding effects on performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Nutritional value and in situ degradability of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were assessed. In vivo feeding trial was also performed for 12 weeks. Thirty-six growing steers were randomly allocated into three groups according to body weight (BW) and age in 12 pens (4 replications/treatment) and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments: control (byproduct 0%), FV-B (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and CA-B (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). Results: The crude protein contents of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were 18.69%, 20.20%, and 10.07%, respectively. Concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were higher in cabbage (22.31%) and Chinese cabbage (28.83%) than fruit-vegetable (13.94%). Higher concentrations of non-fiber carbohydrate were observed for fruit-vegetable (66.72%) than cabbage (44.93%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (24.69%). The effective degradability (ED) of both dry matter (DM) and NDF for fruit-vegetable byproduct (DM, 84.69%; NDF, 85.62%) was higher (p<0.05) than cabbage (DM, 68.47%; NDF, 55.97%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (DM, 68.09%; NDF, 54.22%). The DM intake was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. The average daily gain during the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.26, 1.25, and 1.34 kg/d for control, FV-B, and CA-B). The ED of both DM and NDF degradability of the total mixed ration (TMR) diets were very similar among treatments. Feed conversion ratio during the whole period showed no significant difference among treatments. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts up to 20% and 30% (as fed basis), respectively can be included in TMR diets for growing beef cattle.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.406-415
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• 2020

본 연구는 2013-2017년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 만 19-64세 성인 남녀를 대상으로 채소·과일 섭취에 따른 일반적 사항과 식품 및 영양소 섭취 상태를 파악하고 채소·과일의 섭취와 천식 유병률의 관련성을 알아보고자 시행되었다. 전체 대상자의 천식 유병률은 2.6% 이었고, 채소·과일의 섭취량에 따라 1.8%-3.1%로 나타났다. 채소·과일 섭취량이 많을수록 평균 연령과 가구소득은 높았고 교육수준은 낮았으며, 흡연자의 비율과 알코올 섭취 빈도도 낮았다. 채소·과일의 섭취량이 많은 군이 우유 및 유제품을 제외한 모든 식품군의 섭취량이 많았고, 에너지를 포함한 영양소의 섭취량도 많았다. 열량영양소의 섭취비율의 경우, 채소·과일의 섭취량이 많은 군이 적은 군에 비해 탄수화물과 단백질의 섭취비율은 높고, 지방의 섭취비율은 낮았다. 채소와 과일 섭취량에 따른 3사분위군의 천식에 대한 위험도는 최하위 사분위군 대비 각각 35%, 40%까지 감소하였다. 그러나 최상위 사분위군의 경우, 최하위 사분위군과 비교하여 천식에 대한 위험도가 유의하게 감소하지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 권장량 수준의 적절한 채소·과일의 섭취가 천식을 예방 및 관리하는데 도움이 될 것이라 생각된다. 또한 채소·과일의 섭취가 천식의 발생과 치료효과에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 장기간의 코호트 연구와 임상시험 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1125-1130
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• 1997

효소 분해에 의해 HVP를 생산하는데 있어서 여러 가지 효소의 조합, 효소 첨가 순서, pH, 산세척 등이 가수분해에 미치는 효과를 검토하였다 Endoprotease으로서 Neutrase와 Alcalase를 혼합하여 사용하는 것이 Alcalase를 단독 사용하는 것 보다 가수분해도가 높았으며 exoprotease인 Flavourzyme을 이용하여 2차 가수분해함으로써 60%이상의 가수분해도를 얻을 수 있었다. 2차 가수분해 시 원심분리에 의해 미반응 불용 성분을 제거하는 것은 가수분해도에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았고, 1차 가수분해 후 2차 원심분리의 수세수를 원료 현탁에 재사용하였을 경우 가수분해도 및 단백질 회수율을 높일 수 있었다. Ca이온의 첨가에 의한 Neutrase의 안정화 효과는 가수분해도에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 탄수화물 분해효소의 사용과 산세척의 반복에 의해 가수분해도와 생산물의 단백질 함량이 각각 증가함을 알 수 있었다. Endoprotease과 exoprotease을 별도로 각각 처리하기보다는 동시 처리하는 것이 가수분해에 효율적이었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.113-117
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• 1980

식물성 식용유를 기본식이에 첨가하여 일정한 조건하에서 사육한 토끼 근육에서 근원섬유 단백질을 추출하여 ATPase활성과 이에 미치는 EDTA, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ 등의 여러가지 농도변화에 따른 한성도 저해 양상을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 근원섬유 단백질의 ATPase 환성은 KCI의 농도가 크면활성은 감소되고, 농도가 감소되면 황성은 증가되었으며 대조군보다 식용유를 급여한 군이 더 높았다. 2, EDTA의 농도변화에 따른 ATPase 학성은 0.2mM EDTA 이상부터 찬성방해작용이 현저히 나타났다. 3. $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$이 ATPase 활성에 미치는 영향을 보면 0.2mM $Ca^{2+}$ 이상의 농도에서부터, 1.0mM $Mg^{2+}$ 이상의 농도에서부터 ATPase 활성 방해작용이 뚜렷이 나타났다. 4. In vitro 소화율은 pepsin으로 처리하여 대조군이 71.66%, 들깨기름 급여군이 70.62%, 콩기름 급여군이 67.93%, 미강유 급여군이 86.79% 이었고, Trypsin으로 처리하면 대조군이 73.87%, 들깨기름 급여군이 77.93% 콩기름 급여군이 76.52%, 미강유 급여군이 90.22%를 보였다. 이는 pepsin에 의한 소화보다 Trypsin에 의한 소화력이 더 좋음을 나타내며 식물성 기름을 급여한 군의소화율이 더 좋음을 알 수 있었다.