• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.222-230
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• 1990

Protamine, a polycationic peptide extracted from fish, has been widely used for the reversal of anticoagulant action of heparin. However it may cause untoward circulatory side effects including hypotension and bradyarrhythmia. Nowadays, histamine and prostacyclin are regarded as one of the causative agents in the underlying mechanism of hemodynamic changes. To certify the possible role of histamine and prostacyclin, we observed simultaneous changes of the hemodynamic status, plasma concentration of thromboxane B, and circulating platelet count before and after intravenous injection of protamine. Experimental dogs, weighing 12-14kg, were divided into 2 groups; group A animals [n=10], were pretreated with indomethacin[2.5mg/kg] and group B animals[n=10] were pretreated with chlorpheniramine[0.5mg/kg] Heparin[3mg/kg] and protamine [3mg/kg] were administered sequentially in both groups. The results were as follows ; 1. The mean systemic arterial pressure was maintained well in groups A, whereas in group B it decreased from 165\ulcorner18mmHg to 138\ulcorner30mmHg[p<0.01] and 151\ulcorner21 mmHg[p<0.05] at 1 minute and 2 minutes after protamine injection. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was not changed significantly in group A, whereas in group B it increased from 852 mmHg to 11\ulcorner3 mmHg[p<0.05], 11\ulcorner3 mmHg[p<0.05] and 10\ulcorner3 mmHg[p<0.05] at 1 minute, 3 minutes and 5 minutes after protamine injection. 2 The thromboxane B2 was not changed significantly in group A, whereas in group B it increased from 399\ulcorner401 \ulcornerg/ml to 744\ulcorner615 \ulcornerg/ml[p<0.05] and 814\ulcorner1070 \ulcornerg/ml [p<0.0 5] at 1 minute and 3 minutes after protamine injection without concomitant changes of pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. 3. The number of circulating platelet was not changed in group A, whereas in group B it decreased from 207100\ulcorner103600/\ulcornerl to 159700\ulcorner90900/\ulcornerl [p<0.05] at 1 minute after protamine injection, Although thromboxane B2 and platelet count were changed significantly after protamine injection, they did not cause the remarkable hemodynamic changes. Considering the above results, hemodynamic changes may be caused mainly by prostacyclin rather than thromboxane or platelet. Therefore, the pretreatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor would be beneficial to prevent circulatory adverse effects of protamine for the patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.478-484
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• 2018

Objective : Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was the third most common cause of death in South Korea in 2014. Evidence from abroad suggests that comprehensive stroke centers play an important role in improving the mortality rate of stroke. However, surgical treatment for CVD is currently slightly neglected by national policy, and there is still regional imbalance in this regard. For this reason, we conducted a survey on the necessity of, and the requirements for, establishing regional comprehensive cerebrovascular surgery centers (CCVSCs). Methods : This investigation was performed using the questionnaire survey method. The questionnaire was consisted with two sections. The first concerned the respondent's opinion regarding the current status of demand and the regional imbalance of cerebrovascular surgery in South Korea. The second section asked about the requirements for establishing regional CCVSCs. We sent the questionnaire to 100 board members of the Korean Society of Cerebrovascular Surgeons. Results : Most experts agreed that cerebrovascular surgery patients were concentrated in large hospitals in the capital area, and 83.6% of respondents agreed that it was necessary to alleviate the regional imbalance of cerebrovascular surgery. With regards to personnel, over 90% of respondents answered that at least two neuro-vascular surgeons and two neuro-interventionists are necessary to establish a CCVSC. Regarding facilities, almost all respondents stated that each CCVSC would require a neuro-intensive care unit and hybrid operating room. The survey asked the respondents about 13 specific neurovascular surgical procedures and whether they were necessary for a regional CCVSC. In the questions about the necessity of cerebrovascular surgical equipment, all seven pieces of equipment were considered essential by all respondents. A further five pieces of equipment were considered necessary on site: computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, conventional angiography, surgical microscope, and surgical navigation. Our results may provide a basis for future policy regarding treatment of cerebrovascular disease, including surgery. Conclusion : Raising the comprehensiveness of treatment at a regional level would lower the national disease burden. Policies should be drafted regarding comprehensive treatment including surgery for cerebrovascular disease, and related support plans should be implemented.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.593-606
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• 1984

With the ligation of patent ductus arteriosus by Gross in 1938, surgeons first entered the field of congenital heart disease. Interruption of a ductus is one of the most satisfactory and curative operations in the field of surgery for congenital heart disease. 27 cases of isolated patent ductus arteriosus were operated from Jan. 1978 to July 1984 at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery in Kyung-Hee University Hospital. Retrospective clinical analysis of these patients were: 1. Sex ratio, female: male, was 2:1. 2. Mean age at operation was 9.85\ulcorner.58 years. The youngest patient was a 23 month-old girl and the oldest one was a 24 year-old male. 3. More than half of the patients had less than 50 percentile of growth retardation. 4. Chief complaints of the patients were frequent URI [52%], dyspnea on exertion [33%], generalized weakness [22%], palpitation [7%], but 7 patients [26%] had no subjective symptoms. 5. Continuous machinery murmur could be heard at the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space on the left sternal border in 22 patients [81%]. The other S patients made systolic murmur with accentuation of the second heart sound and those were associated with pulmonary hypertension. 6. Radiologic findings of Chest P-A were cardiac enlargement in 15 patients [55%], enlargement of pulmonary conus and/or increasing density of pulmonary vascularity in 20 patients [74%]. 7. Electrocardiographic findings of the patients were within normal limit in 13 patients [48%], LVH in 4 patients [15%], biventricular hypertrophy in 3 patients [11%]. 8; echocardiogram was obtained from 11 patients. Ductus was directly visualized in 7 patients. Left atrial enlargement is the secondary change of left to right shunt, 10 patients had LA/Ao ratio more than 1.2. 9. Cardiac catheterization performed in 25 patients. The mean value of the results were:SO2[PA-RV]= 14.72\ulcorner6.01%, Qp/Qs=2.22\ulcorner.80, peak systolic pulmonary arterial pressure=48.28\ulcorner1.60 mmHg. 10. 26 patients were operated through the left posterolateral thoracotomy: closure of ductus by double ligation in 14 cases, triple ligation in 5 cases, and division with suture in 8 cases. One patient suffer from aneurysmal rupture of main pulmonary artery, endocarditis, hemopericardium was treated with cardiopulmonary bypass via median sternotomy and closure of ductus through the ruptured main pulmonary artery. 11.There was no death associated with the operation, but 3 cases were experienced with intraoperative rupture around the ductus resulting in massive bleeding. The other complications were transient hoarseness in one patient, atelectasis in left lower lobe in 3 patients, and postoperative systemic hypertension in 4 patients with unknown etiology. 12. Pulse pressure was reduced, 11.47+5.92 mmHg, postoperatively, as compare to preoperative status. 13. Intraoperative wedge lung biopsy from lingular segment for the evaluation of the pulmonary vascular disease was taken in S patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. The result was Heath-Edward grade I in one case, grade II in two cases, and grade III in two cases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.706-716
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• 2005

High blood pressure is an important determinant of the incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, renal failure, and peripheral vascular disease. Recommendations for control of high blood pressure emphasize lifestyle modification, including weight control, reduced sodium intake, increased physical activity. Subjects who were normotensive (n=19, $47.2\pm9.0$ y, BP l16/81 mmHg) ,treatment hypertensive (n=33, $54.2\pm6.9$ y, BP 132/85 mmHg) and non-treatment hypertensive (n=14, $50.1\pm11.0$ y, 149/94 mmHg) recruited. Anthropometric assessment (height weight waist circumference, hip circumference, fat$\%$, fat mass, and lean body mass) and dietary assessments (using 3-days food records, daily nutrient intakes were inuysed by CAN PRO 2.0 were carried out. Blood and 24-hour urine were collected). Test of recognition for salt taste threshold were performed. In non-treatment hypertensive male subjects, weight, $\%$IBW, BMI, and waist circumference were significantly higher than those of normotensive and treatment hypertensive subjects (p<0.05) .Food habits were not significantly different among the three groups. Intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B,, and vitamin B, were significantly higher in normotensive group (p<0.05). Intakes of sodium and salt taste recognition threshold were the highest in normotensive group and the lowest in treatment hypertensive group (p<0.05). Blood levels of lipids and minerals were not significantly different among the three groups. Urinary calcium level of normotensive group were significantly higher than that of treatment hypertensive and non-treatment hypertensive groups (p<0.05). These results indicate that continuous management of hypertension by drug and non-drug treatment affects salt taste recognition threshold and reduced the consumption of sodium. However, dietary sodium intake exceed recommended sodium intake to prevent and treat hypertension. It is necessary to develop the lifestyle modification program that may have beneficial effects on hypertension treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2011

Objective : Pituitary apoplexy is life-threatening clinical syndrome caused by the rapid enlargement of a pituitary tumor due to hemorrhage and/or infarction. The pathogenesis of pituitary apoplexy is not completely understood. We analyzed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pituitary tumors and subsequently correlated the radiological findings with the clinical presentation. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was also performed to determine whether certain biomarkers are related to radiological apoplexy. Methods : Thirty-four cases of pituitary adenoma were enrolled for retrospective analysis. In this study, the radiological apoplexy was defined as cases where hemorrhage, infarction or cysts were identified on MRI. Acute clinical presentation was defined as the presence of any of the following symptoms: severe sudden onset headache, decreased visual acuity and/or visual field deficit, and acute mental status changes. Angiogenesis was quantified by immunohistochemical expression of fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk-1), neuropilin (NRP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, while microvascular density (MVD) was assessed using Endoglin and CD31. Results : Clinically, fourteen patients presented with acute symptoms and 20 for mild or none clinical symptoms. Radiologically, fifteen patients met the criteria for radiological apoplexy. Of the fifteen patients with radiologic apoplexy, 9 patients presented acute symptoms whereas of the 19 patient without radiologic apoplexy, 5 patients presented acute symptoms. Of the five biomarkers tracked, only VEGF was found to be positively correlated with both radiological and nonradiological apoplexy. Conclusion : While pituitary apoplexy is currently defined in cases where clinical symptoms can be histologically confirmed, we contend that cases of radiologically identified pituitary hemorrhages that present with mild or no symptoms should be designated subacute or subclinical apoplexy. VEGF is believed to have a positive correlation with pituitary hemorrhage. Considering the high rate of symptomatic or asymptomatic pituitary tumor hemorrhage, additional studies are needed to detect predictors of the pituitary hemorrhage.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.193-206
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• 2013

This study was to provide the base data on the status of vegetations and soils in green roofs by analyzing the soil and vegetation characteristics of 4 green roofs in Dongguk University in September 2012. Sanglokwon(SW), Dongguk Hall(DH), University Library(UL), and Information and Culture Hall P(IC) were established in 2005, 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. The areas of green roofs were $700m^2$, $2,300m^2$, $1,240m^2$, and $640m^2$ in SW, DH, UL, and IC respectively. The investigated floras of vascular plants were 26 families, 55 genera, 65 species in Sanglokwon(SW), 53 families, 99 genera, 112 species in Dongguk Hall(DH), 43 families, 77 genera, 84 species in University Library(UL), and 41 families, 71 genera, 75 species in Information and Culture Hall P(IC), respectively. A positive correlation is shown between the number of plant species and planting area. Total nitrogen, organic matter, and potassium in soil have positive correlation with the number of plant species. The number of plant species was proportional to area and increased more than twice after planting. About a quarter of the invaded plants (including native and naturalized species) were naturalized plants. The total soil depths including vegetation soil and drainage soil at SW, DH, UL, and IC were 20cm, 10cm, 10cm, and 8cm, respectively. The depths of vegetation soil at SW, DH, UL, and IC were <7cm, <3cm, <2cm, and <2cm respectively. The soil pH in vegetation soil ranged from 5.22 to 5.36, and from 6.13 to 6.39 in drainage soil. Available-P concentration ranged from 10.17 to 189.77mg/kg in vegetation soil and from 6.70 to 81.17mg/kg in drainage soil. Carbon concentration in vegetation soil ranged from 2.93 to 9.70%, and 2.93 to 9.70% in drainage soil. Carbon contents in 20cm, 10cm, 10cm, and 8cm soil depths were $2.62kg/m^2$, $1.89kg/m^2$, $0.50kg/m^2$, and $0.53kg/m^2$ at SW, DH, UL, and IC, respectively.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2009

개느삼은 소나무 수관하에서 생육하는 절멸위기종의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 강원도 양구군 내 개느삼 자생지의 상황을 식물상과 식생을 파악하고 개체군 보전을 위한 기초지식을 획득하는 데 있다. 강원도 양구군 비봉산 개느삼 보호지구의 식물상과 식생은 2003년 8월과 2008년 5월에 3개의 각각 다른 자생지를 대상으로 조사하였다. 조사지역에 자생하는 식물은 총 27과 40종 7변종인 것으로 조사되었다. 본 조사지의 식생은 전형적인 온대북부의 소나무림으로서 토양습도는 낮고, 냉온대지역의 경사면 지역으로 조사되었다. 본 조사지는 한반도에만 한정적으로 분포하는 개느삼 보전을 위해 매우 중요하다. 그러므로 장기생태관측을 통한 연구를 통하여 보전지구로의 지정 등의 보전방안이 시급히 마련되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2016

Molecular detection methods such as RT-PCR for detecting breast cancer-associated gene expression in the peripheral blood have the potential to modify breast cancer (BC) staging and therapy. In this regard, we evaluated the potential of erb-B2 molecular marker in BC detection and analyzed the expression of erb-B2 mRNA in the peripheral blood and fresh tissue samples of 50 pretreated female BC patients and 50 healthy females by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) method. We also assessed the correlation of erb-B2 mRNA marker positivity in peripheral blood and tumor tissue samples with clinical and pathological factors in BC patients in order to evaluate its prognostic value. It was shown that there is a significant difference between healthy females and BC patients with expression of the erb-B2 molecular marker (p<0.01). A significant difference between the expression of erb-B2 in the peripheral blood and tissue samples of BC patients (p<0.01) and the frequency of circulating erb-B2 mRNA expression in peripheral blood and in tissue was detected by RT-PCR. No correlation was found between erb-B2 mRNA expression in blood or tumor tissue samples and lymph node, tumor grade, tumor stage, tumor size, patient's age, ki67, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PGR), P53, and HER-2 status. However, in a small subset of 31 BC patients we found that expression of erb-B2 in peripheral blood or in both peripheral blood and tumor tissue was directly correlated with lympho-vascular invasion and perineural invasion as poor prognostic features. The highest rates of erb-B2 expression in peripheral blood or tumor tissue were in the ER and PR negative and HER-2 positive group. This study suggests that the application of the RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for erb-B2 molecular marker detection would provide a higher detection rate, especially in early stage BC.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.47-71
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• 2009

2007년 4월부터 2007년 10월까지 가평군 북부지역의 자원식물분포조사를 수행하였다. 본 조사를 통해 확인된 조사지역 내의 소산 관속식물은 94과 286속 412종 4아종 52변종 12품종 등 총 480분류군으로 확인되었다. 조사 지역에서 분포하고 있는 480종류의 식물자원 유용도를 분석한 결과 식용자원식물이 177종류, 섬유용 자원식물이 6종류, 약용 자원식물이 124종류, 관상용 자원식물이 133종류, 초지 자원식물이 136종류, 공업원료자원이 2종류, 염료용 자원식물이 69종류, 목재용 자원식물이 10종류, 녹화식물이 24종류, 용도가 밝혀지지 않은 식물이 72종류로 구분되었다. 이 중 식용자원, 약용자원, 초지자원, 관상용자원이 비교적 많이 분포하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 전체식물의 82.3%를 차지하였다. 특기할만한 식물로는 한국 특산 관속식물 14분류군, 환경부 지정 특정식물종 85분류군, 산림청지정 희귀 및 멸종위기식물 12분류군이 각각 조사되었고, 귀화식물은 22분류군으로서 약 4.6%를 차지하였고, 도시화지수는 8.2%로 조사되었다. 조사지역의 식생은 비교적 양호한 편이었으나, 현재 가평군에 위치한 여러 산들이 등산객을 위한 탐방로 개발 및 확장과 임도의 발달로 인해 귀화율은 점차 증가할 것으로 사료된다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.322-326
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• 1998

In order to evaluate menopausal syndrome objectively, examinations were performed as follows: 1) Simplified Menopausal Index (SMI Koyama) and QOL questionnaire (Nagata) were examined subjectively. 2) Urine 17-KS-5 (S Nishikaze), 17-OHCS (OH) were examined objectively. 3) A mobile telemedical device with EKG and KSG was lent to Patients. The subjects were 48 menopausal patients who visited our university hospital as outpatients. According to the results of 5, OH, the subjects were divided into 4 Groups; Group I is high S & high OH, Group ll low S & low OH, Group 111 is low S & high OH, Group tl is high S & low OH. Group IH was the largest (64.6%), Group of was none. The subjects showed significantly lower QOL condition and higher score of SMI. In the QOL, questionnaire items of fixation to physical status (psychogenic reaction), sleep (insomnia), pain(chronic pain) were in common. In SMI, functional vascular symptoms were the largest number. On treatment, Group I was considered to have no need for supplementary agents, but anti-Oketsu agents was prescribed. For Group ll and in some supplementary agents such as red ginseng were prescribed, because they showed low 5. In conclusion, all the groups showed a sign- nificant improvement of QOL and SMI. Group I showed a decrease of OH, Group ll showed an increase of 5, Group In showed an increase of S and SIOH and a decrease of OH. These phenomena were considered prohomeostatic. In QOL, the items of chronic pain, insomnia and appetite were improved. In SMI, chillness, dyspnea, palpitation, pain and fatigability were improved. In mobile tole-medical device, abnormal findings were found in 88.2% of patients. General sdaptation syndrome (Selye, H.) is considered to adjust human life. Menopause is the transit period to exhausted stage in it. So its symptoms vary from person to person. In conclusion, 5 and OH are useful both for classification of menopausal syndrome and for determining treatments according to the classification