• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was designed to establish a characteristic discrimination of internal and external morphological standard of original plants and herbal states in Polygoni Multiflori and Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix. Methods : In this studies, the external-internal morphological standards were determined by using stereoscope and butanol series. Results: 1. The external characteristics of original plants: Polygonum Multiflorum has alternate leaves, and its flower with white color blooms at the shoot apex or leaf axil. In the other hand, Cynanchum wilfordii has opposite leaves, and its flower with yellowish green color blooms at the leaf axil. 2. The physical characteristics of herbal slates: Polygoni Multiflori Radix is red-brown in outer surface pink-brown in section. In the other hand, Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix is earthly-brown in outer surface greyish white in section. 3. The physical characteristics according to the place of production: Demonstrable difference according to the place of production is not seen. Polygoni Multiflori Radix is brown or dark brown in outer surface, soft $Yellow{\sim}dark$ brown in section. In the other hand, Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix is white in outer surface, $white{\sim}weak$ red in section, and has power type. 4. The internal characteristics: Polygonum multiflorum has hetero-vascular bundle and lignification of cork layer is progressive. In the other hand, Cynanchum wilfordii has not hetero-vascular bundle, and lignification of cork layer is weak. Conclusion: In the future, many fundamental study such as how to discriminate between Polygoni Multiflori Radix and Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix in origin and efficacy will be necessary. Also the standard of discrimination must be specific and distinct in that several kinds of fo-ti has been traded. It is considered the results of this study will be furnish κ I the basis Lo succeeding studies and it is needed to extensive comparative study for the same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.143-151
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• 2021

Background: Plants are able to optimize defense responses induced by various herbivores, which have different feeding strategies. Local and systemic responses within a plant after herbivory are essential to modulate herbivore-specific plant responses. For instance, leaf-chewing herbivores elicit jasmonic acid signaling, which result in the inductions of toxic chemicals in the attacked leaf (tissue-specific responses) and also in the other unattacked parts of the plant (systemic responses). Root herbivory induces toxic metabolites in the attacked root and alters the levels of transcripts and metabolites in the unattacked shoot. However, we have little knowledge of the local and systemic responses against stem-boring herbivores. In this study, we examined the systemic changes in metabolites in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, when the stem-boring herbivore Trichobaris mucorea attacks. Results: To investigate the systemic responses of T. mucorea attacks, we measured the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), JA-dependent secondary metabolites, soluble sugars, and free amino acids in 7 distinct tissues of N. attenuata: leaf lamina with epidermis (LLE), leaf midrib (LM), stem epidermis (SE), stem pith (SP), stem vascular bundle (SV), root cortex with epidermis (RCE), and root vascular bundle (RV). The levels of JA were increased in all root tissues and in LM by T. mucorea attacks. The levels of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and nicotine were increased in all stem tissues by T. mucorea. However, CGA was systematically induced in LM, and nicotine was systematically induced in LM and RCE. We further tested the resource allocation by measuring soluble sugars and free amino acids in plant tissues. T. mucorea attacks increased the level of free amino acids in all tissues except in LLE. The levels of soluble sugars were significantly decreased in SE and SP, but increased in RV. Conclusions: The results reveal that plants have local- and systemic-specific responses in response to attack from a stem-boring herbivore. Interestingly, the level of induced secondary metabolites was not consistent with the systemic inductions of JA. Spatiotemporal resolution of plant defense responses against stem herbivory will be required to understand how a plant copes with attack from herbivores from different feeding guilds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.78.1-78
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• 2003

An osmotin-like protein (CAOSMl) gene was isolated from pepper leaves infected with the avirulent strain Bv5-4a of Xmthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 250 amino acids with a molecular mass of 27, 361 Da. Its amino acid sequence is highly homologous to various osmotin-like proteins from other plant species. The CAOSMl gene expression was organ- and tissue-specifically regulated In pepper plants. The CAOSMl mRNA was intensely localized in the endodermis area of root tissue and in the phloem cells of vascular bundles of red fruit tissue, but not in leaf, stem, and green fruit tissues of healthy pepper plants. Infection by X. c. pv vesintoria, Colletotrichum coccodes, or Phytopkhora capsici iinduced CAOSMl transcription in the leaf or stem tissues. Expression of the CAOSMl gene was somewhat higher in the incompatible than the compatible interactions of pathogens with pepper. The CAOSMl mRNA was prevalently localized in the phloem cells of the vascular bundle of leaf tissues infected by C. coccodes. The CAOSMl gene was activated in leaf tissues by treatment with ethylene, methyl jasmonate, high salinity, cold acclimation and mechanical wounding, but not by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought. These results indicate that the pepper CAOSMl protein functions in response to Pathogens and some abiotic stresses in pepper plants

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 1986

This experiment was carried out to obtain some information about the growth habit and morphological and anatomical characteristics of fasciated soybean, var. Buchai-kong. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Main stern of fasciated soybean, var. Buchai-kong was gradually broadened and became flat, on which leaves emerged irregularly compared with normal soybean, var. Danyeop-kong. The number of leaves on main stern was more in Buchai-kong, but the total number of leaves per plant was not considerably different each other. 2. The degree of fasciation (max./min. in diameter at the broadened part) in main stern of Buchai-kong was about 3.1, and was related to the amount of growth of main stern and branches of Danyeop-kong. Stern fasciation types found in Buchai-kong were linear (the most common) and bifurcated with regard to branching of main stern tip. 3. The number of branches per plant was much less in Buchai-kong than in Danyeop-kong. There were fas-ciated branches and fasciated petiole in Buchai-kong. 4. About 75 percent of pods of Buchai-kong were concentrated on the top of stern, which showed strong pod clustering. 5. Seed yield per plant of Buchai-kong was about 60 percent of that of Danyeop-kong, and the decrease in seed yield was mostly affected by the decrease in seed weight and seeds per pod. 6. The number of vascular bundles of transection of mature stern was more in Buchai-kong, but Danyeop-kong developed the better vascular bundle.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2005

The structural differences between healthy and diseasedpanicle necks caused by Pyricularia oryzae were observed using electron-microscope. In the diseased panicle neck, the infection hyphae of the rice blast pathogen grew through the sclerenchymatous fiber tissue and reached to the central internal lacuna. Since the pathogen grew through the sclerenchymatous fiber tissues, the vascular bundle composed with xylem and phloem had been destroyed and finally the nutrients from the leaf and stem were not able to be transported into the grains. Infection of panicle base by the blast pathogen until 20 days after heading caused more than 50% of yield loss in both Jinmibyeo and Chucheongbyeo. There was a positive correlation between incidence of the panicle blast and rice yield losses. The regression equations between incidence of the panicle blast and yield losses were y= -3.61+496.7 ($R^2$=0.70) in Jinmibyeoand y=-3.93+520.2 ($R^2$=0.82) in Juanbyeo. The panicleblast caused deterioration of grain quality. Healthy grain rate was reduced by increase of panicle blast infection.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

Surgical treatment was performed on the 39 cases out of 76 cases of entrapments of the thoracic outlet. The remaining 36 cases of entrapments were treated by conservatively. The operated cases were categorized as follows. They were 34 cases of scalenus anticus syndrome, 1 of cervical rib syndrome, 2 of costoclavicular syndrome, and 2 of hyperabduction syndrome. 1. Scalenus anticus syndrome : Anterior scalenotomy was performed by simple sectioning of the attachment to the first rib. 2. Cervical rib syndrome : Complete decompressive resection of cervical rib sometimes required both anterior and posterior approaches to avoid over-retraction of the brachial plexus. 3. Costoclavicular syndrome : Partial decompressive claviculectomy was undergone instead of conventional total claviculectomy. 4. Hyperabduction syndrome : The resection of coracoid process was performed as well as conventional tenotomy of pectoralis minor muscle to insure free up-and-down moving of neurovascular bundle at the time of hyperabduction. Every diagnostic maneuver was tested at the time of operation to observe whether or not neurovascular decompression including restoration of radial pulse was sufficient. Despite of the postoperative vascular restoration was inmediate, neurogenic symptoms were improved slowly. Because this entity is essentially chronic nerve injnry, its recovery needed a couple of months or several. Although improvement was slow, ultimate results were definite. Complication was not observed.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.339-342
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• 2004

Germination is a process which characterized with nescient synthesis of genes. Among the genes synthesized during the germination of wheat embryos, germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were defined. Germin is a water soluble homopentameric glycoprotein which is remarkable resistant to degradation by a broad range of proteases including pepsin. Germin proteins found to have strong oxalate oxidase activity which produces hydrogen peroxide by degrading oxalic acid. The current study, aimed to localize the germin genes, proteins and enzymatic activities in developing coleoptiles which is a rapidly growing protective tissue of leaf primordium and shoot apex. Non-radioactively abeled germin riboprobes were employed to localize germin mRNAs in situ. FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) and alkaline phosphatase linked anti-germin antibodies were used to localize germin proteins under the fluorescence and light microscopy and finally germin enzymatic activity was localized by using appropriate enzyme assay. The results revealed that in coleoptiles germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were predominantly associated with the cells of epidermis and vascular bundle sheath cells.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.163-172
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• 1971

This paper attempts to observe the histological structure of Korean Arisaema ringens $S_{CHOTT}{'s}$ rhizome, to identify it's constituent and to investigate the pharmacological action with it's alcohol extract. The results are : 1) The inner structure of rhizome on the transverse section is divided into external and internal tissues by the ring of intercellular secretary sac. Raphides of calcium oxalate contained in mucilage cell, collateral vascular bundle, are extremely similar to those contained in Pinellia ternata. 2) The organs of the pistillate Arisaema ringens are larger and more plentiful than those of the staminate Arisaema ringens. The sexual identification is easy in the flowering season. 3) The alkaloid is identified by Meyer reagent as white p.p.t. at pH 2 of sulfuric acid. 4) The saponin is indentified remarkably by means of foaming reaction, Lieberman-Burchard reaction and hemolytic reaction. 5) The effect of alcohol extract on the relaxation of the isolated intestine of the rabbit is remarkably shown at the concentration of $10^{-3}g/ml$. 6) The effect of alcohol extract on the isolated ractus muscle of the frog increases the constructive action of acetylcholine at the concentration of $10^{-3}g/ml$. 7) The effect of alcohol extract on the isolated heart movement of the frog is decreased remarkably at the concentration of $10^{-3}g/ml$. 8) The effect of alcohol extract on the blood pressure of the rabbit is decreased by an interavenous injection of $10^{-3}g/kg$.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2000

Using differential display techniques, a new acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) protein-1 cDNA (GMPRla) gene was isolated from a cDNA library of soybean (Glycinemax L.Merr, cultivar Jangyup) hypocotyls infected by Phytophthora sojae f. sp. glycines. The 741 bp of fulllength GMPRla clone contains an open reading frame of 525 nucleotides encoding 174 amino acid residues (pI 4.23) with a putative signal peptide of 27 amino acids in the N-terminus. Predicted molecular weight of the protein is 18,767 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of GMPRla has a high level of identity with PR-1 proteins from Brassica napus, Nicotiana tabacum, and Sambucus nigra. The GMPRla mRNA was more strongly expressed in the incompatible than the compatible interaction. The transcript accumulation was induced in the soybbean hypocotyls by treatment with ethephon or DL-$\beta$-amino-n-butyric acid, but not by wounding. In situ hybridization data showed that GMPRIa mRNAs were usually localized in the vascular bundle of hypocotyl tissues, especially phloem tissue. Differences between compatible and incompatible interactions in the timing of GMPRla mRNA accumulation were remarkable, but the spatial distribution of GMPRla mRNA was similar in both interactions. However, more GMPRla mRNA was accumulated in soybean hypocotyls at 6 and 24 h after inoculation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2012

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a term defining a mass characterized microscopically by a proliferation of bland mesenchymal spindle cells infiltrated by diffuse mixed inflammatory cells with a predominance of plasma cells and lymphocytes. Here, we show the primo vessel-like structure of the primo-vascular system (PVS) in a dog with IPT. A 6-years old male Mongrel dog was diagnosed with an abnormal mass (diameter 5.5 cm, weight 22 g) near left preputial area. The dog was submitted to the surgical detectomy of the mass. During the surgical operation, we observed primo vessel-like material. After fixations, the masses appeared macroscopically as lipoid-like, firm, white to grey masses, measuring $5{\times}8cm$. Histologically, cellular infiltration into the muscular layers was frequently seen. The mesenchymal proliferation remained the main component of the mass and was composed of myofibroblastic-like spindle cells characterized by globular, irregular nuclei containing open chromatin and a prominent nucleolus. On the basis of the histopathologic lesions, the subcutaneous mass was diagnosed as IPT. Also, we detected a primo vessel-like structures in some areas of the IPT tissues. These were observed as novel thread-like structures and bundle of tubular structures. To our knowledge, this report is the first case of primo vessel-like structure in a dog with IPT.