• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.594-600
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• 2000

Background : Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation is well established as an integral part of the management of patients with the acute lung injury. PEEP is a key element in the treatment of hypoxemia resulting from pulmonary edema. Pulmonary capillary pressure (Pcap) is the most important factor influencing lung edema formation, and an understanding of how Pcap is altered by variations of PEEP or pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP) is important to improve the treatment of acute lung injury patients. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of PEEP on the pulmonary capillary pressure in acute lung injury patients. Methods : This was a prospective study of 11 acute lung injury patients. The effect of PEEP on pulmonary circulation at four different levels (0,4,8, and 12cm$H_2O$) was analyzed. Pcap was estimated visually at bed side with Swan Ganz catheters. The pulmonary vasculature was analyzed by calculating the pressure difference at the arterial and venous parts of the circulation. Results: As PEEP increased from 0 to 12 cm$H_2O$, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and Pcap increased respectively from $22.7{\pm}7.4$ to $25.3{\pm}7.3$ mmHg and $15.3{\pm}3.3$ to $17.8{\pm}3.2$ mmHg (p<0.05). Similarly, PAOP increased from $9.8{\pm}2.1$ to $12.8{\pm}2.1$ mmHg and the central venous pressure increased from $6.1{\pm}1.6$ to $9.3{\pm}2.3$ mmHg(p<0.05). However, the pressure gradient at the arterial (PAP-Pcap) and venous (Pcap-Pcwp) parts of pulmonary circulation remained unchanged at all evaluated PEEP levels. Conclusion : Although Pcap increased gradually with increased the pressure gradient at the arterial and venous part of the pulmonary vasculature remained unchanged at all evaluated PEEP levels in acute lung injury patients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.446-452
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• 2005

In order to examine the natural distribution variations between groups of the Stewartia koreana, the leaf form characteristics of the investigation sites were analyzed by each group. As a result, the Mt. Kumsan group showed a smaller value in leaf length, width, area, and the number of veins, but not in the petiole length and serration number. Among each character, the coefficient of variation(CV) of the characters excluding petiole length and leaf area was in a comparatively narrow range, from 11.6~17.4%. On the other hand, the CV of petiole length and leaf area between the groups was 34.9% and 28.4% respectively. The CV of these characters within the group was also extraordinary- petiole length showed 29.5~42% and leaf area showed 27.7~40.7%. Also, the simple correlation analysis between 12 leaf characteristics showed that the correlation between leaf width and leaf area was high (r=0.975). The correlations between leaf length and leaf area, between leaf length and leaf width were 0.971 and 0.969, respectively. A negative correlation between angle of leaf base and ratio of leaf length to leaf width was discovered (r= -0.843), meaning that the ratio of leaf length to leaf width decreases as angle of leaf base increases. A cluster analysis was enforced among leaf characteristics of the selected group as a standard on the similarity of quantitative, qualitative measurements. The results showed that at a 0.4 distance level, the subjects could be classified into 4 groups. Group 1 was the Mt. Jogyesan and Mt. Kayasan group, group 2 was Mt. Paegunsan, group 3 was Mt. Unmunsan and Mt. Mudungsan, and group 4 was Mt. Kumsan. At a distance level of 0.6, the subjects were classified into two groups. Group 1 was the Mt. Ktimsan group and group 2 was Mt. Mudungsan, Unmunsan, Paegunsan, Kayasan, and Cogyesan. Especially the Mt. Kumsan group had the smallest value in the leaf characteristics of leaf length, width, area, and the number of veins, showing an obvious difference from the other five groups. There were five principal components that had a meaningful eigenvalue over 1.0 among the 12 extracted components. The explanatory power of the top two main components (leaf length and width) on the total variation was 52.7%. The explanatory power was 91.3% when all 5 main components were included.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.342-355
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• 2000

This study was carried out to reveal the influence of discharge change on matters and stream water quality between pH, EC and dissolved matters obtained by observation of long-term and short-term on stream water quality and separated runoff components from stream water by using HYCYMODEL. From January in 1998 to September in 1999, it was estimated by relationships of character of water quality and discharge for the experimental watershed in Mt. Palgong. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Annual average pH values of stream water in 1998 and in 1999 were 6.48(6.22~6.89) and 6.52(5.75~7.18), respectively. The observed annual average pH values were maintaining identical values in general, but pH values decreased continuously during the four months after thinning in the experimental watershed. So thinning is suspected of the major cause for the decrease. 2. Annual average EC values of stream water in 1998 and in 1999 were $26.69(17.95{\sim}33.5){\mu}S/cm$ and $25.19(17.5{\sim}33.8){\mu}S/cm$, respectively. The observed annual average EC values were maintaining identical values in general. 3. As a result of the comparison of average dissolved ions of rainfall and stream water, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ showed minus values between incomings and outgoings. $Na^+$ and $NO_3{^-}$ among the dissolved ions of stream water showed the highest concentration out of cations and anions respectively. 4. By the change of pH value in stream water due to rainfall events, pH value decreased with increasing runoff as pH value increased before and after peak flow. 5. By the change of EC value in stream water due to rainfall events, EC value decreased with increasing runoff of first rainfall as EC value changed with runoff before and after peak flow. 6. As the runoff increased, the concentration of $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, total cation, $Cl^-$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ in stream water lowered. On the other hand, the runoff decreased, their concentration in stream water tended to get high. But in terms of $NO_3{^-}$ and total anion, they turned out vice versa. $Mg^{2+}$ produced no reaction. 7. The base flow among runoff components separated by using HYCYMODEL influenced greatly on pH, EC, concentration of cation and anion.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.779-797
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• 2016

A calibrated hydrological model is a useful tool for quantifying the impacts of the climate variations and land use/land cover changes on sediment load, water quality and runoff. In the rainy season each year, the Xe Bang Fai river basin is provisionally flooded because of typhoons, the frequency and intensity of which are sensitive to ongoing climate change. Severe heavy rainfall has continuously occurred in this basin area, often causing severe floods at downstream of the Xe Bang Fai river basin. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the climate change impact on river discharge using a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model based on future climate change scenarios. In this study, the simulation of hydrological river discharge is used by SWAT model, covering a total area of $10,064km^2$ in the central part of country. The hydrological model (baseline) is calibrated and validated for two periods: 2001-2005 and 2006-2010, respectively. The monthly simulation outcomes during the calibration and validation model are good results with $R^2$ > 0.9 and ENS > 0.9. Because of ongoing climate change, three climate models (IPSL CM5A-MR 2030, GISS E2-R-CC 2030 and GFDL CM3 2030) indicate that the rainfall in this area is likely to increase up to 10% during the summer monsoon season in the near future, year 2030. As a result of these precipitation increases, the SWAT model predicts rainy season (Jul-Aug-Sep) river discharge at the Xebangfai@bridge station will be about $800m^3/s$ larger than the present. This calibrated model is expected to contribute for preventing flood disaster risk and sustainable development of Laos

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 2014

Course guidance is a mentoring process which is performed before students register for coming classes. The course guidance plays a very important role to students in checking degree audits of students and mentoring classes which will be taken in coming semester. Also, it is intimately involved with a graduation assessment or a completion of ABEEK certification. Currently, course guidance is manually performed by some advisers at most of universities in Korea because they have no electronic systems for the course guidance. By the lack of the systems, the advisers should analyze each degree audit of students and curriculum information of their own departments. This process often causes the human error during the course guidance process due to the complexity of the process. The electronic system thus is essential to avoid the human error for the course guidance. If the relation data model-based system is applied to the mentoring process, then the problems in manual way can be solved. However, the relational data model-based systems have some limitations. Curriculums of a department and certification systems can be changed depending on a new policy of a university or surrounding environments. If the curriculums and the systems are changed, a scheme of the existing system should be changed in accordance with the variations. It is also not sufficient to provide semantic search due to the difficulty of extracting semantic relationships between subjects. In this paper, we model a course mentoring ontology based on the analysis of a curriculum of computer science department, a structure of degree audit, and ABEEK certification. Ontology-based course guidance system is also proposed to overcome the limitation of the existing methods and to provide the effectiveness of course mentoring process for both of advisors and students. In the proposed system, all data of the system consists of ontology instances. To create ontology instances, ontology population module is developed by using JENA framework which is for building semantic web and linked data applications. In the ontology population module, the mapping rules to connect parts of degree audit to certain parts of course mentoring ontology are designed. All ontology instances are generated based on degree audits of students who participate in course mentoring test. The generated instances are saved to JENA TDB as a triple repository after an inference process using JENA inference engine. A user interface for course guidance is implemented by using Java and JENA framework. Once a advisor or a student input student's information such as student name and student number at an information request form in user interface, the proposed system provides mentoring results based on a degree audit of current student and rules to check scores for each part of a curriculum such as special cultural subject, major subject, and MSC subject containing math and basic science. Recall and precision are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The recall is used to check that the proposed system retrieves all relevant subjects. The precision is used to check whether the retrieved subjects are relevant to the mentoring results. An officer of computer science department attends the verification on the results derived from the proposed system. Experimental results using real data of the participating students show that the proposed course guidance system based on course mentoring ontology provides correct course mentoring results to students at all times. Advisors can also reduce their time cost to analyze a degree audit of corresponding student and to calculate each score for the each part. As a result, the proposed system based on ontology techniques solves the difficulty of mentoring methods in manual way and the proposed system derive correct mentoring results as human conduct.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.99-128
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• 2008

Nearly all Koreans are insured through National Health Insurance(NHI). While NHI coverage is nearly universal, it is not complete. Coverage is largely limited to minimal level of hospital and physician expenses, and copayments are required in each case. As a result, Korea's public insurance system covers roughly 50% of overall individual health expenditures, and the remaining 50% consists of copayments for basic services, spending on services that are either not covered or poorly covered by the public system. In response to these gaps in the public system, 64% of the Korean population has supplemental private health insurance. Expansion of private health insurance raises negative externality issue. Like public financing schemes in other countries, the Korean system imposes cost-sharing on patients as a strategy for controlling utilization. Because most insurance policies reimburse patients for their out-of-pocket payments, supplemental insurance is likely to negate the impact of the policy, raising both total and public sector health spending. So far, most empirical analysis of supplemental health insurance to date has focused on the US Medigap programme. It is found that those with supplements apparently consume more health care. Two reasons for higher health care consumption by those with supplements suggest themselves. One is the moral hazard effect: by eliminating copayments and deductibles, supplements reduce the marginal price of care and induce additional consumption. The other explanation is that supplements are purchased by those who anticipate high health expenditures - adverse effect. The main issue addressed has been the separation of the moral hazard effect from the adverse selection one. The general conclusion is that the evidence on adverse selection based on observable variables is mixed. This article investigates the extent to which private supplementary insurance affect use of health care services by public health insurance enrollees, using Korean administrative data and private supplements related data collected through all relevant private insurance companies. I applied a multivariate two-part model to analyze the effects of various types of supplements on the likelihood and level of public health insurance spending and estimated marginal effects of supplements. Separate models were estimated for inpatients and outpatients in public insurance spending. The first part of the model estimated the likelihood of positive spending using probit regression, and the second part estimated the log of spending for those with positive spending. Use of a detailed information of individuals' public health insurance from administration data and of private insurance status from insurance companies made it possible to control for health status, the types of supplemental insurance owned by theses individuals, and other factors that explain spending variations across supplemental insurance categories in isolating the effects of supplemental insurance. Data from 2004 to 2006 were used, and this study found that private insurance increased the probability of a physician visit by less than 1 percent and a hospital admission by about 1 percent. However, supplemental insurance was not found to be associated with a bigger health care service utilization. Two-part models of health care utilization and expenditures showed that those without supplemental insurance had higher inpatient and outpatient expenditures than those with supplements, even after controlling for observable differences.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.29-54
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• 1992

Recent studies on the economic effects of trade liberalization and economic integration have emphasized the significant gains associated with product differentiation and scale economies. Securing access to markets in other countries will make it possible to increase product variety and capture scale economies, thus, expanding the gains from trade. Liberalization is also expected to introduce foreign competition into the previously closed market. Concurrently, the liberalization will improve the competitive market environment for firms selling in the domestic market. Firms will be pressed to either exit or reduce cost. The output per firm, then, will increase due to the exit of rival firms, and the average total cost will decline due to the economies of scale. 'Rationalization' of the production process will eventually follow. This paper addresses the economic effects of (counterfactual) bilateral tariff elimination between Korea and Japan. It computationally assesses the gains from liberalization as well as the resource allocations and welfare effects associated with the tariff reduction. The endogenous determination of the key parameters distinguishes this paper from others. The firm's perceived elasticity of demand and elasticity of substitution in the present model are calibrated to be consistent with the base year data. Korea, Japan, and the rest of the world are modeled explicitly. The sectoral coverage of the model includes twenty-three tradable product categories based on three-digit SITC industries and seven nontradable categories based on one-digit SITC industries. Product categories are also classified into perfectly competitive and imperfectly competitive ones. In the imperfectly competitive industries, product differentiation exists at the firm level, while the perfectly competitive industries are characterized by national product differentiation. The simulation results of bilateral tariff reduction are reported. Tariff elimination tends to increase intra-industry trade flows so that the total amount of exports and imports of both countries expand. Yet, Japan is expected to increase the bilateral trade surplus in the wake of the mutual tariff reduction. Terms-of-trade for Korea will not change, while for Japan it will deteriorate. Equivalent variations reflecting the change in consumer surplus (welfare) will favor Korean consumers. Total output, however, will not change substantially, recording 0.5 and 0.6% for Japan and Korea, respectively. An interesting finding in the analysis is that the gains from increased competition and scale efficiency are not as prevailing as expected in theory.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2010

The purpose of this study, which was processed from March $22^{nd}$ to April $9^{th}$ of 2010, was to figure out recognition, well-formed instructions, and Practical application about dental hygiene devices based on the dental health characteristics of 350 adults who dwell in Busan and Gyeongnam regions. Also, this study recommended the adults to use dental hygiene devices and provided such devices to help individuals take care of their dental health at home. The collected data was statistically processed with a statistics SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Science 14.0. SPSS Inc. USA) program. First of all, in order to demonstrate the characteristics of the sample population statistics and that of the descriptive data, frequency analysis was performed and to find out the relationship between variations of the dental health, Chi-squared test through Crosstabs was operated. According to the study, recognition and Practical application of dental hygiene devices were very low. Therefore, public announcement about necessity and effectiveness of such devices should be reinforced nationwide and instructions on choosing the right device and using of the dental hygiene devices based on patients' conditions by dental hygienic human efforts gathered from dental health organization should be carried out.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.789-796
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of red wine on the color, water activity, hardness, pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) value, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content and total plate count of beef jerky during storage at room temperature for 4 weeks. Beef jerky was prepared using three variations: beef jerky containing 50 mL water (T0), beef jerky containing a combination of 25 mL water and 25 mL red wine (T1) and beef jerky containing 50 mL red wine (T2). The lightness ($L^*$) was the lowest at the 4-week storage period, and the $L^*$ value of T1 and T2 were lower than that of T0 (p<0.05). The redness ($a^*$) tended to decrease during storage, with the $a^*$ value of T1 and T2 being higher than that of the T0 (p<0.05). The yellowness ($b^*$) during storage was not changed, and the $b^*$ value was not significantly different among the different samples tested. The water activity decreased during storage and T0, T1 and T2 was 0.57, 0.57 and 0.60 after 4 weeks of storage, respectively(p<0.05). The hardness increased during storage and the hardness of T2 stored for 4 weeks was lower than that of T0 and T1 (p<0.05). The pH was decreased with an increase in storage time (p<0.05). The TBARS value increased during storage and the TBARS value of T1 and T2 stored for 4 weeks was lower than that of T0 (p<0.05). The VBN content increased during storage and T2 stored for 4 weeks showed the lowest (p<0.05). The total plate count tended to increase during storage, and T0 stored for 4 weeks showed the highest (p<0.05).

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

The effect of setup uncertainties on CTV dose and the correlation between setup uncertainties and setup margin were evaluated by Monte Carlo based numerical simulation. Patient specific information of IMRT treatment plan for rectal cancer designed on the VARIAN Eclipse planning system was utilized for the Monte Carlo simulation program including the planned dose distribution and tumor volume information of a rectal cancer patient. The simulation program was developed for the purpose of the study on Linux environment using open source packages, GNU C++ and ROOT data analysis framework. All misalignments of patient setup were assumed to follow the central limit theorem. Thus systematic and random errors were generated according to the gaussian statistics with a given standard deviation as simulation input parameter. After the setup error simulations, the change of dose in CTV volume was analyzed with the simulation result. In order to verify the conventional margin recipe, the correlation between setup error and setup margin was compared with the margin formula developed on three dimensional conformal radiation therapy. The simulation was performed total 2,000 times for each simulation input of systematic and random errors independently. The size of standard deviation for generating patient setup errors was changed from 1 mm to 10 mm with 1 mm step. In case for the systematic error the minimum dose on CTV $D_{min}^{stat{\cdot}}$ was decreased from 100.4 to 72.50% and the mean dose $\bar{D}_{syst{\cdot}}$ was decreased from 100.45% to 97.88%. However the standard deviation of dose distribution in CTV volume was increased from 0.02% to 3.33%. The effect of random error gave the same result of a reduction of mean and minimum dose to CTV volume. It was found that the minimum dose on CTV volume $D_{min}^{rand{\cdot}}$ was reduced from 100.45% to 94.80% and the mean dose to CTV $\bar{D}_{rand{\cdot}}$ was decreased from 100.46% to 97.87%. Like systematic error, the standard deviation of CTV dose ${\Delta}D_{rand}$ was increased from 0.01% to 0.63%. After calculating a size of margin for each systematic and random error the "population ratio" was introduced and applied to verify margin recipe. It was found that the conventional margin formula satisfy margin object on IMRT treatment for rectal cancer. It is considered that the developed Monte-carlo based simulation program might be useful to study for patient setup error and dose coverage in CTV volume due to variations of margin size and setup error.