• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.122-133
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of body positioning on $PaO_2$, $SpO_2$, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse, and respiration(above all defined physiologic index), of patients with unilateral lung disease. The subjects for this study were eleven patients admitted to I.C.U. of K.H.M.C. with a diagnosis of unilateral lung disease confirmed by chest X-ray and the attending doctor, from January 30th. to April 20th. 1999. A quasi-experimental repeated-measures cross-over design was used to compare three body positions(semi-Fowler's, lateral decubitus with good lung dependent, and lateral decubitus with diseased lung dependent). Each subject spent 30 minutes in semi-Fowler's position and 2 hours in good lung dependent position and diseased lung dependent position. Starting in the semi-Fowler's position, then in the lateral position with the good lung dependent or the diseased lung dependent as assigned in random order. Thirty minutes after each positioning, arterial blood sample was analyzed. Measurements of all physiologic index were recorded at the specified intervals(0, 30, 60 90, and 120 minutes) in good lung dependent and diseased lung dependent position. Statistical comparison of $PaO_2$ value was done using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and Multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to analyse the within-subject effect of two dependent position for 2 hours on the five dependent variables: (1) $PaO_2$ (2) $SpO_2$ (3) systolic blood pressure (4) diastolic blood pressure (5) pulse. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The $PaO_2$ value in the good lung dependent position was significantly higher than the $PaO_2$ value in the diseased lung dependent position(Z=-2.8451, p=.002). 2. The $PaO_2$ value in the good lung dependent position was significantly higher than the $PaO_2$ value in the semi-Fowler's position (Z=-2.6673, p=.003). 3. The difference between the $PaO_2$ value in the semi-Fowler's position and the $PaO_2$ value in the diseased lung dependent position was not significant(Z=-1.2448, p=.10). 4. There were no statistically significance in the trends of physiologic index in the good lung dependent position and the diseased lung dependent position. From the results, it may be concluded that the good lung dependent position is the most effective position for patients with unilateral lung disease that improve oxygenation. Identification of positioning over time may be need further studies.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.133-142
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to validate the number of gyrations of Superpave gyratory compactor(SGC) for compaction of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and warm-mix asphalt(WMA) mixtures. Marshall compaction was also used for comparison purpose. The 13mm and 19mm aggregates of 1st class quality shape were used. A PG64-22 and a PG76-22 for HMA and a PG70-22 for WMA. Four compaction temperatures based on the suggested value were used for each binder using 100 gyrations for SGC and 75 blows per side for Marshall compactor. It was found that SGC compaction was somewhat better than Marshall compaction. The analysis of variance showed that two compactors were significantly different in air voids of 19mm mixtures at ${\alpha}=0.05$ level. The 13mm mixture did not show a significant statistical difference. When compacted at the temperature below a certain level, however, the compaction of two compactors were fond to be proor. Therefore, observing compaction temperature above the minimum level is important to secure proper compaction work. If the minimum temperatures were maintained, 100 gyrations, which was given for HMA of arterial road pavement by the Korean Guide, was found to be appropriate compaction, showing similar or better compaction work than 75 blows per side of Marshall compaction.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 1989

This descriptive-comparative study attempted to examine the differences according to the year in college of 288 junior college nursing students attitudes about mental illness. The instrument used for this study was the OㆍMㆍI (Opinion about Mental Illness) scale developed by Cohen and Struening. Data collection was done from the 27th to the 30th of September, 1988 by means of a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by computer, using the t-test and Analysis of Variance. The finding of this study are as follows : 1. Hypothesis I: “There will be a difference in attitudes toward mental illness according to the year in college 1"There will be a difference in the attitude about authoritarianism-according to the year in college" was rejected(F＝.5675, P＝.5676). 2 "There will be a difference in the attitude about benevolence-according to the year in college." was accepted(F＝.5376, P＝.5848). 3. "There will be a difference in the attitude about mental hygiene ideology-according to." was accepted (F＝17.3497, P＝.0000). 4. "There will be a difference in the attitude about social restrictiveness-according to" was rejected (F＝1.7416, P＝.1771), 5."There will be a difference in the attitude about interpersonal etiology-according to" was accepted (F＝10.8597, P＝.0000). 2. Hypothesis II : "There will bed difference in attitudes toward mental illness." according to whether or not the student have had clinical practice in the psychiatric ward. 1.There will be a difference in the attitudes about authoritarianism - according to "whether or not the student's have had clinical practice in the psychiatric ward was rejected(t＝.59, p＝.555). 2. "Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, There will be difference in the attitudes about benevolence." was rejected (t＝1.34, p＝.182). 3."Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, there will be difference of the mental hygiene ideology attitude." was accepted (t＝2.72, p＝.008). \circled4 “Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, there will be difference of the social restrictiveness - attitude." was rejected (t＝-.59, p＝.557). 5. "Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, there will be difference of to interpersonal etiology-attitude." was accepted(t＝3.55, p＝.001). In conclusion, it was found that the higher the year in College, the more positive the attitudes are about mental hygiene ideology and interpersonal etiology. This study suggests that more positive attifudes about psychiatric illness can be induced by a more effective educational experience. The main limitation of this study was that the sociocultural background of Korea is not considered in the OㆍMㆍI scale.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1476-1482
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• 2010

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of swimming training on response of lipid peroxide (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity of hyperlipidemic rats. Twenty-five male SD rats (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into a control group and 4 swimming groups after hyperlipidemia induction for 4 weeks through a 1% cholesterol diet. Swimming groups were then divided into unloaded swimming group, low-loaded swimming group, moderate-loaded swimming group and high-loaded swimming group by swimming intensity, and made to swim for 6 weeks (6 days/week). The loaded swimming group rats among the swimming groups swam a lead weight equivalent to 0%, 3%, 5% and 7% of body weight attached to the base of the tail. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using an SPSS/$PC^+$ program, and to evaluate the differences between groups, data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test (${\alpha}$=0.05) was performed to test the significant levels of differences between groups. The conclusions obtained from this study were as follows: 1) all swimming groups had significantly lower levels of MDA than the control group (p<0.001). Among the swimming groups, the moderate-loaded group had a significantly lower level than the unloaded group, low-loaded group and high-loaded group (p<0.001). 2) all swimming groups had significantly higher levels of SOD than the control group (p<0.01). Among swimming groups, the unloaded group, moderate-loaded group and high-loaded group had significantly higher levels than the low-loaded group (p<0.01).

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hip external rotation angle on pelvis and lower limb muscle activity during prone hip extension. Sixteen healthy men were recruited for this study. Each subject performed an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) in a prone position, and extended the dominant hip at three different hip external rotation angles ($0^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $40^{\circ}$) with a $30^{\circ}$ hip joint abduction. Activity of the gluteus maximus (G Max), gluteus medius (G Med), and hamstring (HAM) and the G Max/HAM and G Med/HAM ratios were determined with surface electromyography (EMG). The EMG signal was normalized to 100% maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) and expressed as %MVIC. Data were analyzed by one-way repeated analysis of variance (alpha level=.05) and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Significant differences in G Max and G Med muscle activity were noted among the three different hip external rotation angles. G Max muscle activity increased significantly at both $40^{\circ}$ (p=.006) and $20^{\circ}$ (p=.010) compared to a $0^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. G Med muscle activity increased significantly at $20^{\circ}$ (p=.013) compared to a $40^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. The G Max/HAM activity ratio increased significantly at both $40^{\circ}$ (p=.004) and $20^{\circ}$ (p=.014) compared to a $0^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. The G Med/HAM activity ratio increased significantly at $20^{\circ}$ (p=.013) compared to a $40^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. In conclusion, $40^{\circ}$ and $20^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angles are recommended to increase G Max activity, and $20^{\circ}$ hip external rotation is advocated to enhance G Med muscle activity during prone hip extension with ADIM and $30^{\circ}$ hip abduction in healthy subjects.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-95
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nursing interventions to promote rehabilitation motivation by identifying the influencing factors of motivating rehabilitation intention in patients with spinal cord injury. The data were collected using self-reported questionnaires and questionnaires by postal mail services, from September 1 through the October 6, 2002. A total of 148 questionnaires were completed and returned. The instrument developed by Han, Hye Sook(2001) was used to measure the rehabilitation motivation, and depression, family support, participation of self-help group, self-esteem, and self-efficacy were measured to test the variables influencing the rehabilitation motivation. Using SPSS WIN 10.0, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA. Turkey inspection, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. The results of the study are as follows: The rehabilitation motivation score ranged from 30 to 100, and the average was $76.78(\pm12.40)$. In terms of the types of motivation, mean task-oriented motivation score was $23.28(\pm3.39)$, change-oriented motivation $22.25(pm3.16)$, obligatory motivation $9.90(\pm2.02)$, external motivation $9.85(\pm1.89)$, and mean amotivation score was $11.50(\pm1.94)$. The scores for the rehabilitation motivation was significantly associated with the time elapsed since injury, economic status, and the degrees of disability. Significant correlations were found between the rehabilitation motivation and the time elapsed since injury(r=-0.222, p=0.007), self-efficacy(r=0.204, p=0.013), depression(r=-0.210, p=0.010). and the economic status(r=-0.189, p=0.022). The variables that can predict the rehabilitation motivation included the time elapsed since injury, and self-efficacy. These variables accounted for $12.8\%$ of the variance of the rehabilitation motivation. In conclusion, the factors influencing the rehabilitation motivation in patients with spinal cord injury were found to be the time elapsed since injury, self-efficacy, depression, and the economic status of the patient, Accordingly, nursing interventions which could alleviate patients' depression and enhance self-efficacy should be designed to motivate rehabilitation. Before planning nursing interventions for patients with spinal cord injury, needs assessment should be conducted including the assessment of patients' economic status and time elapsed since injury.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2011

Climate change is the variation of long term weather pattern based on statistical diversities in terms of natural and artificial factors. Recent numerous extreme weather phenomena have increasingly obtained people's awareness of climate change. Since water resources field especially has higher vulnerability caused by climate variation, the major part of future preparation should be focused on risk minimization of water resources. However, in reality validation of water resources vulnerability is not well built up. For this research, Delphi Method was applied to evaluate middle/small size rivers in Korea with respect to the degree of vulnerability due to the climate change. Delphi Survey is based on iterative, anonymous characteristics with experts' opinion sharing on the given issues. For this study, three iterative surveys were operated for the degree of vulnerability. First round was for selecting vulnerability indicators in terms of the magnitude of total score, and second and third rounds were for collecting experts' idea with opinion convergence. Per the variance of standard deviation of 2nd and 3rd surveys divergence, we clearly see the achievement of opinion agreement. For the future study, we may need to find an applicable field using delphi indicators with various circumstances.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.242-249
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• 1982

Effects of lime and ameliolating materials on decreasing available soil cadmium were studied, applying the amendments to Cd pre-and post-treated soils. Soil sttreated with Cd were placed in pots and kept under field moisture condition, summer through winter in 1981. The results of soil analysis made 40 to 60 days after the Cd treatment are as follows ; 1. Greater amount of Cd was extracted by 0.1N-HCl or 2% Citric acid than N-AcNH4 solution. More Cd was dissoluted by 0.1-HCl than 2% Citric acid. No Cd was extracted by pure water. Showing a wide variance in the amount of extractable Cd among treatments (amendments), the $N-AcNH_4$ solution seemed to be the most effective extracting solution of available soil cadmium. 2. Calcium hydroxide was the most effective materials in reducing $N-AcNH_4$ extractable Cd, followed by calcium carbonate and calcium silicate. 3. Superphosphate is also effective in reducing exchangeable cadmium. The reduction seemed to be attributed to the precipitation of cadmium phosphate. 4. The exchangeable cadmium by $N-AcNH_4$ was large in the soil pH range of 6.0 and 6.5, and it decreased as the soil pH became far apart from these values. The decrese of exchangeable Cd at low pH seemed to be related to the increase of $Mn^{+{+}}$ and that at the high pH to the precipitation as Cd-hydroxide.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2007

This study was carried out to establish the reasonable level of nitrogen (N) fertilization based on soil nitrate nitrogen $(NO_3-N)$ content for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under plastic film house. Cucumber plants were cultivated with standard and free N fertilization in eight soils which had various amount of $NO_3-N$ ranging from 67 to 343 mg/kg. The yield of cucumber was in the range of 1006 to 2369 g/plant depending on the nitrogen supplying capability of soils. The amount of $NO_3-N$ in the soil was negatively correlated with agronomic efficiency (AE) and N use efficiency (NUE). The critical level of soil $NO_3-N$ content for cucumber in N free fertilization was found to be about 260 mg/kg in Cate-Nelson analysis of variance between soil $NO_3-N$ and AE or NUE. Also the same critical soil $NO_3-N$ content was found in the yield and amount of N uptake of cucumber under N free fertilization. A standard N fertilization was required when soil $NO_3-N$ content was below 70 mg/kg. The optimal application rate of N fertilizer for cucumber in the soils containing $NO_3-N$ between 260-70 mg/kg could be recommended by the equation Y=-1.032X+269.2 (Y: N fertilization rate, kg/ha; X : soil $NO_3-N$ content mg/kg).

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.43-48
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• 2018

This study was conducted to reproduce digital colour based on the lightness of the background and size of the colour stimulus so that colour can be similarly perceived under different conditions. With the evolution of display technologies, display devices of various sizes can now reproduce more accurate colour and enhanced images, thus affecting the overall quality of display images. This study reproduced digital colour by considering the visual characteristics of the digital media environment. To accomplish this, we developed a colour appearance model which distinguishes the properties of foveal and peripheral vision. The proposed model is based on existing research on the lightness of the background and size of the colour stimulus. Based on experimental results, an analysis of variance was performed in order to develop the colour appearance model. The algorithm and modelling were verified based on the proposed model. In addition, to apply this model to display technologies, a practical colour control system and a method for handling complex input images were developed. Through this research, colour conversion errors which might occur when the input image is converted to fit a specific display size are resolved from the perspective of the human visual system. As a result, more accurate colour can be displayed and enhanced images can be reproduced.