• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.103-114
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper investigates the structure of exports across countries in terms of value added. Exports value added is examined under two categories, domestic and overseas. Using a statistical classification method by distance based on these two value added categories, this paper estimates the similarity of exports value added across countries including Korea. Design/methodology - The model of study is to employ a generalized distance function and then derive the Manhattan and Euclidean distances. The paper also performs cluster analysis using the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) and hierarchical methods to classify the 44 sample countries considered in this study. Findings - Our main findings are as follows. The 44 countries can be classified under 5 groups by their domestic and overseas value added in exports. Korea has a sandwich global value chains (GVCs) position between Japan, China, and Taiwan in the East Asian region. Originality/value - Existing papers point out the double counting problem of trade statistics as the intermediate goods trade across borders increases. This paper addresses the double counting problem by using the World Input-Output Table. The paper shows the need to explore the similarity of value added in exports structure across countries and investigate the GVCs position and role of each country.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.19 no.38
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• pp.97-104
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• 1996

This study is to empirically analyze the relevance between ownership structure and corporate value. This Study took 285 corporations listed in Korea Stock Exchange from 1990 to 1994 as samples. The result of this analysis is summerized as follows: Insider-inquiry ratio of corporation in Korea has been positively corelated with corporate value while it has been negatively corelated if the ratio is over 25%. This study intended to present desirable implications for seperating the management from ownership in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.67-74
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• 2015

The heat conduction equation, a type of a Poisson equation which can be applied in various areas of engineering is calculating its value with the iteration method in general. The equation which had difference discretization of the heat conduction equation is the simultaneous equation, and each line has the characteristic of expressing in sparse matrix of the equivalent number of none-zero elements with neighboring grids. In this paper, we propose a data structure for sparse matrix that can calculate the value faster with less memory use calculate the heat conduction equation. To verify whether the proposed data structure efficiently calculates the value compared to the other sparse matrix representations, we apply the representative iteration method, CG (Conjugate Gradient), and presents experiment results of time consumed to get values, calculation time of each step and relevant time consumption ratio, and memory usage amount. The results of this experiment could be used to estimate main elements of calculating the value of the general heat conduction equation, such as time consumed, the memory usage amount.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to classify and extend the consumer value of movie theaters into various values such as functional value, emotional value, social value, epistemic value, and conditional value based on the theory of consumption value by Sheth, Newman and Gross (1991). It also aims to verify the path structure of consumption value→customer satisfaction→behavior intention of movie theaters to confirm its generalization. Research design, data, and methodology - This study was conducted by collecting data on Kimpo university students from various areas in Incheon, Northern Seoul, Ilsan, Kyonggi Province, and Kimpo City. The survey was conducted by distributing 280 survey papers from Oct. 5 to 15, 2013 and collecting 238 of them. The final analysis used 208 questionnaires, after excluding 30 invalid responses. The statistical analysis of this study used the SPSS 19.0 statistics package. Results - The results of the survey are as follows: First, consumption values of movie theaters are classified into the following five groups: functional value, emotional value, social value, epistemic value, and conditional value. This study verified that consumption values play a role as a previous variable of customer satisfaction. Second, functional value, emotional value, and epistemic value have positive effects on customer satisfaction. On the other hand, social value and conditional value do not affect customer satisfaction. Finally, customer satisfaction has a positive impact on behavior intention. Theater users have an intention to re-use or recommend the movie theater they used when they are satisfied with a movie theater's physical environment and services. Conclusions - This study can provide academic and practical implications as follows based on the results mentioned above. First, academic implications can be found in that consumption values of movie theater users are classified into five values based on the theory of consumption value by Sheth et al. (1991). In the previous study, the service quality of a movie theater was studied based on the service quality of service encounters and a physical environment→customer satisfaction→behavior intention path structure. However, this study was verified by a consumption value→customer satisfaction→behavior intention path structure to classify consumption value, but not service quality or perceived value of quality, to confirm this generalization. Second, practical implications can be found in that the relative impact of consumption value of movie theaters on consumer satisfaction showed that functional value was followed by epistemic value and emotional value. In the previous study on movie theaters, previous variables of customer satisfaction were separated only by functional service quality including service encounters and physical environment; in some other studies, quality of service encounter had a direct effect on customer satisfaction. Accordingly, a marketing manager of a movie theater should develop various differentiated services by reflecting not only functional value such as service encounters and physical environment but also epistemic value and emotional value.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.29-52
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• 2012

As sustainability has grown into a key global issue, more and more information technology (IT) products have adopted these concepts to attract consumers. However, these products potentially require consumers' physical or economic sacrifice at least for a short period of time. Therefore, the reason of consumers' adoption of sustainable IT products cannot be fully explained by the two traditional values: hedonic and utility values. However, expectancy-value theory, which has been used to explain the relationship between value and behavior, still takes hedonic value and utility value into consideration. The purpose of this study is to suggest an amended expectancy-value theory to better explain the adoption of IT products that consider sustainability. For this purpose, two social values-the normative value based on the Schwartz's model of moral norm and the eudemonic value of the Stoic philosophy-were added to the individual values to examine which value particularly influences the adoption of sustainable IT products. In addition, the moderating effect of perceived sustainability between four values and adoption of sustainable IT products was verified.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.287-304
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• 2016

This study examines the influence of product classification standards and structure on user perception as well as their attitude towards online shopping sites. The causal relationships of variables are also examined. The analysis was based on an online survey with 247 responses. Four types of internet shopping sites were developed and used as a stimulus. The results of the mean comparison analysis indicated that perceived variety, information overload, perceived shopping value and attitude towards the site varies significantly with product classification standards and structure. There was also of a marginally significant interaction between the classification standard and structure on perceived variety and information overload. The causal relationship analysis revealed that perceived variety positively influenced hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. However, information overload had a negative effect on hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Both the hedonic and utilitarian shopping value positively influenced attitudes towards the sites. This study demonstrates that classification method influences customer perception and attitude. It offers interesting insights on a product classification method as a strategic tool for online shopping.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.799-807
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• 2020

This paper deals with identification of probabilistic design using reliability based robust optimization in structure design of automatic salt collector. The thickness sizing variables of main structure member in the automatic salt collector were considered the random design variables including the uncertainty of corrosion that would be an inevitable hazardousness in the saltern work environment. The probabilistic constraint functions were selected from the strength performances of the automatic salt collector. The reliability based robust optimum design problem was formulated such that the random design variables were determined by minimizing the weight of the automatic salt collector subject to the probabilistic strength performance constraints evaluating from reliability analysis. Mean value reliability method and adaptive importance sampling method were applied to the reliability evaluation in the reliability based robust optimization. The three sigma level quality was considered robustness in side constraints. The probabilistic optimum design results according to the reliability analysis methods were compared to deterministic optimum design results. The reliability based robust optimization using the mean value reliability method showed the most rational results for the probabilistic optimum structure design of the automatic salt collector.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.148-165
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to establish a theory about the necessary structure for knitwear design, and to propose it with the practical data through the actual development of a high value added knit structure. For this study, the market was conducted along with literature reviews on the existing studies and the relevant books about knit structures. The market research aimed at the products released in the spring/summer and fall/winter seasons of 2012-2013, focusing on brand for middle aged women. The utilization of the structure by item and the characteristics of knit design were studied. The research was conducted on S/S products in May and July, and F/W products in October and December. As a result of the market research, it was shown that the lightweight structures with permeability such as plain, lace, links and links, this is repeated and rib structure were frequently utilized during the S/S season, while double structures with good shape stability were greatly utilized during the F/W season. Also, during the F/W season, a cable structure and tubular jacquard that emphasized the volume or cubic effect were frequently used, and there were many jacquard structures where a change of color sense and motive were added. Concerning the knit structures development, the researcher designed the knit structure at the actual production site of the knit fashion. A total of 5 pieces of knit structures were developed by asking a professional for programming and knitting. To the developed structures, the study added a multi-gauged effect, herringbone transformation effect, 3-dimensional surface effect, color effects, geometric patterns, lace penetration effect, and soft surface effect in a water-drop shape. In addition, the structures had differences in the added values by mixing various structures and diversely expressing color sense on the knitting line. This study proposes the direction for 21st century knitwear product design, through the development of a high value added knit structure.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.7
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• pp.1865-1872
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• 1997

This paper proposes not only the thresholding problem which has been one of the major problems in the pre-existing edge detection method but also the removal of blurring effect occurred at the edge regions due to the smoothing process. The structure of a given image is assigned as one of the three predefined image structure classes by evaluating its toll membership value to each reference structure class:The structure of an image belongs to the structure class which has the least cost value with the image. Upon the structure class assigned, noise removal and edge extraction precesses are performed, e.g., the smoothing algorithm is applied to the image if its structure belongs to the pure noise region class; edge extraction while removing the noise is performed simultaneously if the edge structure class. The proposed method shows that preventing the blurring effect can be usually seen in the edge images and extracting the edges with no using thresholding value by the experiments.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.113-121
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• 2014

Purpose - Recently, the number of corporations that practice environmental and social responsibility, besides engaging in traditional profit-seeking activities, has been growing steadily, as interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is increasing. Recent research on CSR practices has identified the relationship between CSR activities and corporate value as one of the main issues in this respect. Considering that donations constitute a large proportion of a company's charitable activities, we considered the extent of donation expenses as a charitable activity in order to mitigate sample selection bias. Specifically, we analyzed the impact of donation expenses on firm value, while investigating if this impact varied in response to the level of corporate governance of firms. Research design, data, and methodology - We used non-financial firms listed on the Korean Stock Exchange, having their fiscal year end in December, and the sample period was 2006-2013. For the dependent variable, Tobin's q was used as the corporate value, and for the independent variable, donations were measured as the donation-expense-to-sales ratio. Corporate governance scores, as rated by the Korea Corporate Governance Service, were used to measure corporate governance levels because they consider the overall aspects of governance, including ownership structure, the board of directors, and the audit mechanism of individual companies. To examine the impact of donations on a company in relation to the level of corporate governance, we estimated regression models using the interaction terms of the governance dummy and donation variables. Then, we further estimated the regression models of two sub-samples that were classified according to the level of corporate governance. Similar to previous studies, the study uses variables that affect firm value, such as R&D expenditure, advertising expenses, EBITDA, debt-to-equity ratio, sales growth, company age, and company size as control variables. Results - The empirical results show that firm value significantly increased in response to an increase in donation expenses. Upon including the interaction terms of governance level dummy variables and donations, the coefficients of the interaction terms show significant positive values, while those of donation variables show significant negative values. In the strong governance sub-sample, the relationship between the donation expenses and corporate value was statistically positive (+) and significant. However, in the weak governance sub-sample, the relationship between the donation expenses and corporate value was statistically insignificant and negative (-). Conclusions - The empirical results suggest that donation expenses are significantly linked to an enhanced corporate value if firms have a good corporate governance structure. However, if the corporate governance structure is weak, the same relationship is not necessarily observed. The results of this study show that if a firm has high corporate governance, CSR practices enhance the company's reputation such that it has a positive (+) relationship with corporate value. If a firm has weak corporate governance, on the other hand, CSR practices are recognized as an agency cost and do not increase corporate value.