• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.151-166
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• 2022

Peltier cells have low efficiency, but they are becoming attractive alternatives for affordable and environmentally clean cooling. In this line, the current article develops closed-form and semianalytical solutions to improve the temperature distribution of Bi₂Te₃ thermoelements. From the distribution, the main objective of the current work-the optimal electric intensity to maximize cooling-is inferred. The general one-dimensional differential coupled equation is integrated for linear and quadratic geometry of thermoelements, under temperature constant properties. For a general shape, a piece-wise solution based on heat flux continuity among virtual layers gives accurate analytical solutions. For variable properties, another piece-wise solution is developed but solved iteratively. Taking advantage of the formulae, the optimal intensity is directly derived with a minimal computational cost; its value will be of utility for more advanced designs. Finally, a parametric study including straight, two linear, barrel, hourglass and vase geometries is presented, drawing conclusions on how the shape of the thermoelement affects the coupled phenomena. A specially developed coupled and non-linear finite element research code is run taking into account all the materials of the cell and using symmetries and repetitions. These accurate results are used to validate the analytical ones.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2024

Purpose: This study investigates the psychological mechanisms of comparison within the design context of retail stores, products, and advertising. The research aims to expand the understanding of comparison psychology, encompassing social, cognitive, perceptual, and self-comparisons and their application in design practices. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: The study employs a comprehensive review of psychological theories related to comparison psychology. They were selected through extensive research on literature pertaining to design psychology and consumer behavior. The research integrates insights from psychology, marketing, consumer behavior, and design theory, supported by various design examples of retail stores, products, and advertising, to demonstrate the practical applications. Results: The findings reveal that comparison psychology significantly impacts consumer preferences and user experiences. For instance, the assimilation effect and prospect theory highlight how comparisons shape value judgments and design perceptions. Practical examples are used to illustrate the profound influence of comparative judgments in design. Conclusion: The study advocates for a "psychologically-informed approach" to design, promoting designs that are not only aesthetically pleasing and functionally sound but also psychologically aligned. By bridging the gap between psychological theories and practical design implementations, the research provides valuable insights for designers, marketers, and psychologists, enhancing the psychological efficacy of design.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.219-234
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• 2010

시가총액에 따른 인덱스(INDEX) 투자를 했을 경우에, VaR(Value at Risk)을 종합주가지수(KOSPI)로부터 얻은 수익율의 극단 손실값들로부터 추정한다. 이를 위해, 극단값 이론 중 BM(Block Maxima) 모형을 적용하며, 극단 손실값들의 비독립적 발생을 고려하기 위하여, extremal index 역시 추정한다. 모형의 타당성을 알아보기 위해, 실패율방법을 이용한 사후검정 (back-testing) 을 실시한다. 사후검정을 통해, BM 모형을 적용한 VaR의 추정이 적절함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 일반적으로 많이 사용되는 GARCH 모형을 이용한 VaR의 추정과 비교한다. 이를 통해, 오차가 t-분포를 따른다고 가정하는 경우, GARCH 모형을 이용한 VaR의 추정이 BM 모형을 이용한 경우와 사후 검정결과에 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 그러나, GARCH 모형을 통한 VaR 추정은 추정시점근방의 극단 손실값들에 민감하게 반응하지만, BM 모형은 그렇지 않았다. 따라서, 현 시점으로부터 단기간동안의 손실위험은 GARCH 모형을 이용한 VaR의 추정값을 사용하는 것이 적절하며, 장기간동안의 손실위험은 BM 모형으로부터 얻은 VaR의 추정값을 사용하는 것이 적절하다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.2611-2616
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• 2011

We studied the physical properties of the mercaptopyruvic-acid layer formed on gold surfaces, which has the interactions with the titanium dioxide surface for design of gold- titanium dioxide distribution. Surface force measurements were performed, using the atomic force microscope (AFM), between the surfaces as a function of the salt concentration and pH value. The forces were analyzed with the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory, to evaluate the potential and charge density of the surfaces quantitatively for each salt concentration and each pH value. The difference in the properties reflected the effect of the isoelectric point on the surface forces. The forces were interpreted for the evaluation with the law of mass action and the ionizable groups on the surface. The salt concentration dependence of the surface properties, found from the measurement at pH 8.0, was consistent with the prediction from the law. It was found that the mercaptopyruvic-acid layer had higher values for the surface charge densities and potentials than the titanium dioxide surfaces at pH 8, which may be attributed to the ionized-functional-groups of the mercaptopyruvic-acid layer.

• 기술경영경제학회:학술대회논문집
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• 기술경영경제학회 1996년도 제10회 동계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.179-195
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• 1996

With current. difficulties in Korean agricultural sector, the biotecilnoiogy is considered as the most important factor to offset the inferiority in the agriculture. New products by using the biotechnology would be commercialized and consumed by both producers and consumers. Before its production and distribution researches on new product should be undertaken in many aspects, especially in terms of economic aspects. Main objectives of this study are to measure the economic value of the new product using the agro-biotechnology, here potato microtubers, and to examine whether the stated preferences theory, the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM), could be accepted in the economic analysis for the new biotech product. Through the demand function derived from the consequences of functional relationship, the consumer's surplus was estimated.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.247-260
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• 2011

Let h be a meromorphic function with few poles and zeros. By Nevanlinna's value distribution theory we prove some new properties on the polynomials in h with the coefficients being small functions of h. We prove that if f is a meromorphic function and if $f^m$ is identically a polynomial in h with the constant term not vanish identically, then f is a polynomial in h. As an application, we are able to find the entire solutions of the differential equation of the type $$f^n+P(f)=be^{sz}+Q(e^z)$$, where P(f) is a differential polynomial in f of degree at most n-1, and Q($e^z$) is a polynomial in $e^z$ of degree k $\leqslant$ max {n-1, s(n-1)/n} with small functions of $e^z$ as its coefficients.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.249-265
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• 1997

With current difficulties in Korean agricultural sector, the biotechnology is considered as the most important factor to offset the inferiority in the agriculture. New products by using the biotechnology would be commercialized and consumed by both producers and consumers. Before its production and distribution, researches on new product should be undertaken in many aspects, especially in terms of economic aspects. Main objectives of this study are to measure the economic value of the new product using the agro-biotechnology, here potato microtubers, and to examine whether the stated peferences theory, the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM), could be accepted in the economic analysis for the new biotech product. Through the demand function derived from the consequences of functional relationship relationship, the consumer's surplus was estimated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.963-968
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• 2008

For the [$Cr_2(H_2tmp)_2Cl_4$] compound, simplified models with two bridging methoxo ligands have been studied. The influence of the bridging Cr-O-Cr bond angles on the exchange coupling between metal atoms in the model compound has been analyzed by means of density functional calculations with the broken-symmetry approach. Coupling constant calculated for the full structure is in good agreement with the experimentally reported value, confirming the validity of the computational strategy used in this work to predict the exchange coupling in a family of related dinuclear Cr(III) compounds. The calculations indicate a good correlation between the calculated coupling constant and the sum of the squared energy gap of three pairs of metal $t_{2g}$ OMSOs with a limited variation of the Cr-O-Cr angle. The spin density distribution and the mechanism of magnetic coupling interactions are discussed.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.309-322
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• 2017

In this paper, the buckling, and free vibration analysis of tapered functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) micro Reddy beam under longitudinal magnetic field using finite element method (FEM) is investigated. It is noted that the material properties of matrix is considered as Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). Using Hamilton's principle, the governing equations of motion are derived by applying a modified strain gradient theory and the rule of mixture approach for micro-composite beam. Micro-composite beam are subjected to longitudinal magnetic field. Then, using the FEM, the critical buckling load, and natural frequency of micro-composite Reddy beam is solved. Also, the influences of various parameters including ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ (the constant coefficients to control the thickness), three material length scale parameters, aspect ratio, different boundary conditions, and various distributions of CNT such as uniform distribution (UD), unsymmetrical functionally graded distribution of CNT (USFG) and symmetrically linear distribution of CNT (SFG) on the critical buckling load and non-dimensional natural frequency are obtained. It can be seen that the non-dimensional natural frequency and critical buckling load decreases with increasing of ${\beta}$ for UD, USFG and SFG micro-composite beam and vice versa for ${\alpha}$. Also, it is shown that at the specified value of ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$, the dimensionless natural frequency and critical buckling load for SGT beam is more than for the other state. Moreover, it can be observed from the results that employing magnetic field in longitudinal direction of the micro-composite beam increases the natural frequency and critical buckling load. On the other hands, by increasing the imposed magnetic field significantly increases the stability of the system that can behave as an actuator.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.133-152
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• 2007

손실기피(limited down side risk) 선호를 가진 투자자의 경우 통상적으로 사용하는 위험도의 척도인 분산 혹은 표준편차 대신에 하방 위험성에 더 관심을 가지게 되는데, 이러한 경우 평균-VaR 모형이 평균-분산 모형보다 더 적합한 모형일 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 두 모형을 이용하여 최적자산배분 문제를 실증분석하고 그 결과의 차이를 비교하였다. 수익률의 분포에 정규분포 가정이 아닌 두터운 꼬리(fat tail) 분포 가정을 도입하여 극단적인 위험을 고려한 최적자산배분 문제를 분석을 하였다. 각 이론이나 가정들의 강건성(robustness)을 살펴보기 위하여 역사적 분포를 이용한 분석을 비교 기준으로 하였다. 경험적 혹은 역사적 분포를 이용한 분석을 통해서, 극단적인 위험을 고려하는 손실기피적인 선호체계에서의 최적화 행위는 정규분포의 가정이나 평균-분산 모형이 적절하지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 일상적인 수준을 능가하는 극단적인 손실 위험성을 고려하기에 적합한 모형은 수익률의 두터운 꼬리를 반영하는 분포 가정에 기초한 평균-VaR 모형인 것으로 나타났다.