• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.93-110
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• 2015

The recommender system is a system which recommends products to the customers who are likely to be interested in. Based on automated information filtering technology, various recommender systems have been developed. Collaborative filtering (CF), one of the most successful recommendation algorithms, has been applied in a number of different domains such as recommending Web pages, books, movies, music and products. But, it has been known that CF has a critical shortcoming. CF finds neighbors whose preferences are like those of the target customer and recommends products those customers have most liked. Thus, CF works properly only when there's a sufficient number of ratings on common product from customers. When there's a shortage of customer ratings, CF makes the formation of a neighborhood inaccurate, thereby resulting in poor recommendations. To improve the performance of CF based recommender systems, most of the related studies have been focused on the development of novel algorithms under the assumption of using a single profile, which is created from user's rating information for items, purchase transactions, or Web access logs. With the advent of big data, companies got to collect more data and to use a variety of information with big size. So, many companies recognize it very importantly to utilize big data because it makes companies to improve their competitiveness and to create new value. In particular, on the rise is the issue of utilizing personal big data in the recommender system. It is why personal big data facilitate more accurate identification of the preferences or behaviors of users. The proposed recommendation methodology is as follows: First, multimodal user profiles are created from personal big data in order to grasp the preferences and behavior of users from various viewpoints. We derive five user profiles based on the personal information such as rating, site preference, demographic, Internet usage, and topic in text. Next, the similarity between users is calculated based on the profiles and then neighbors of users are found from the results. One of three ensemble approaches is applied to calculate the similarity. Each ensemble approach uses the similarity of combined profile, the average similarity of each profile, and the weighted average similarity of each profile, respectively. Finally, the products that people among the neighborhood prefer most to are recommended to the target users. For the experiments, we used the demographic data and a very large volume of Web log transaction for 5,000 panel users of a company that is specialized to analyzing ranks of Web sites. R and SAS E-miner was used to implement the proposed recommender system and to conduct the topic analysis using the keyword search, respectively. To evaluate the recommendation performance, we used 60% of data for training and 40% of data for test. The 5-fold cross validation was also conducted to enhance the reliability of our experiments. A widely used combination metric called F1 metric that gives equal weight to both recall and precision was employed for our evaluation. As the results of evaluation, the proposed methodology achieved the significant improvement over the single profile based CF algorithm. In particular, the ensemble approach using weighted average similarity shows the highest performance. That is, the rate of improvement in F1 is 16.9 percent for the ensemble approach using weighted average similarity and 8.1 percent for the ensemble approach using average similarity of each profile. From these results, we conclude that the multimodal profile ensemble approach is a viable solution to the problems encountered when there's a shortage of customer ratings. This study has significance in suggesting what kind of information could we use to create profile in the environment of big data and how could we combine and utilize them effectively. However, our methodology should be further studied to consider for its real-world application. We need to compare the differences in recommendation accuracy by applying the proposed method to different recommendation algorithms and then to identify which combination of them would show the best performance.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.495-503
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• 1993

To investigate the characteristics of growth and oil production of peppermint cells during a batch culture, cells derived from peppermint callus was cultivated in an air bubble reactor. During the batch culture, effects of inoculum size, abiotic stress, yeast elicitor, and two stage culture on the cell growth, the productivity of oleolesin, and the formation of flavor components were determined and also the sugar concentrations and kinetics of cell growth were analyzed. Among the various sizes of inoculum, the culture with 2.0% packed cell volume inoculum showed the optimum condition for cell growth in the proposed bioreactor, and the cell yield and essential oil production reached to 5.7g/1 and 0.109g/1, respectively. When the abiotic stress of daily 8hr dark and $10^{\circ}C$ cold treatments were given to the culture cell growth decreased but essential oil production increased to 0.546g/l. In a modified Lin-Staba medium in which 100mg/l yeast extract as an elicitor was added to the culture, the cell growth and oil production increased, and menthol content was 22.5% of oil. In the two stage culture, in which the basic culture conditions of 27$^{\circ}C$, light, and without elicitor were employed during the first six days followed by the second stage with daily 8hr treatment of cold and dark condition, and also with yeast extract as an elicitor, cell growth decreased after eight days, essential oil production was not increased, and menthol was not detected. Dry cell yield was 0.38g dry cell/g sugar and specific growth rate was 0.25 day-1. The major terpenoid in the oil was not the menthol but pulegone and piperitone, precursors of menthol were accumulated. However, when yeast elicitor was added, menthol was produced to the level of 22.5% which was the highest value in the peppermint cell culture reported so far.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.30
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• pp.261-274
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• 1996

In the present age dominate by both cer-taingty of 1% and uncertainty of 99% 'Fuzzy thinking' of Bart Kosko that is the way to solve the problems by the scientific way through a worldview of Buddhism or Taoism greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral thinking' and the authenticity or the right and-wrong of the uncertainty which is the thinking way to find the answer of the problems of illogical way of Edward de Beno against the western vertical thinking were Concurrently fashion designers over the world also adopt the oriental elements. But there exist differences of thoughts between the orient and the occident. And they have dif-ferent thinking way of aestheticism and references of the value on the beauty. Not only beauty but the view through the mind as intuitional thought in which not only the rec-ognition of sense but also the rationalism and the naturalness play key role. The aesthetic sense in the orient contains both the truth and virtue. 2) The beauty of the mean It's from the thought of neutralization of Confucius. The mean or moderation state which in harmony with ethical virtue and aes-thetic beauty is the ideal and is the ultimate. Therefore the thought of Confucian is the creativity in which the balance and the har-mony is most important. Fashion design is also one of the representation of the mean because the spirit of the designer is harmonized for-mlessly with the object of the model of the fashion design. 2) The beauty of skillfulness It indicates the Taoism of Lao-tzu and Chuangtzu. It takes a super-artistic declar-ation that human can feel and recognize the color of colorlessness the sound of sound-lessness and the taste of tastelessness. The thought of arts affected by Taoism is 'ad-vanced age' called the beauty of skillfulness. The view of arts of lao-tzu takes the beauty of cosmos and the nature as a standard. Es-pecially the beauty of inactivity is recognized by the linkage between the beauty and the ugliness. And these things appear in fashion design as a design element such as humor or exaggeration. 3) The beauty of non-dualism It is thought of Buddhism that all evil passions of worry occur form the opposition in dualism. Finally this thought leads to that everything is consistent and truth is only one from the point of view that virtue and vice has on linkage that is 'no virtues no vices' and 'one with two, two, with one, one is not two' A big tendency like this became the root forma-tion of the thought of the oriental arts. 3. Characteristics of the oriental aesthetic sense on the present fashion design 1) The formation of the fashion design on the oriental elements In the picture-incantation which was a representation of an era when the thought of 'cosmic dual forces' dominated the basic polygons of 'a circle square triangle' means both 'one two three' and 'the negative positive mean' of cosmic elements. From this point of view the was of planner cutting in the Orient is dif-ferent from that of the Occidental which is in three-dimensional. The planner polygon type of the cut-pieces comes to have the meaning of the three-dimension when they consist of a suit that has the combination of each cut-piece. This shows the consistency with the principle of cosmos creation of Taoism that one is two two is three and three is every-thing. 2) The coloring and the symbolic represen-tation of the fashion design on the orien-tal elements The sense on the colors in the Orient from the thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is not the experi-enced from the knowledge but contains the consideration of philosophy Five-primary-color representing compass directions Blue(East) Red(South) Yellow(Center) White (West) and Black (North) is called ' the posi-tive' for this five-primary-color secondary-color which comes from the compound of the primary colors is called 'the negative' The thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is also an theory containing the natural order of the cos-mos and this shows the perceptional differ-ence that they are not conceptual but to be recognized and fell directly. A thought of Buddhism which is 'Colors are colorlessness and Clolorlessness are color's proves that. 3) The pattern and symbolic representation of the fashion design on the oriental elements The pattern as a visual style is a figure of symbolic representation which adopt the mental and physical world of human and are the compo-sition of artistic revelation of the human nature and the religous thought of incantation. Es-pecially the symbolic representation of the oriental thought of Confusion. Buddhism and Taoism There are patterns such as plants aminals the oriental four gods and geometry. From the above it's the time toward the 21'th century when the world is constructing one global area and one historical zone. And the exotic mood of the Orient represented in the fashion which doesn't make the common feeling in general does not cease to develop only to express the visual modeling but also adopts the thought religion and the art which are the root of the Orientail and contains inherent willing of modeling.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.366-374
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• 2010

Introduction: This study evaluated the capability of silk fibroin (SF) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 loaded SF (SF-BMP) as a bone defect replacement matrix when grafted in a calvarial bone defect of rats in vivo. Materials and Methods: A total 70 calvarial critical size defects (5.0 mm in diameter) made on 35 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The defects were transplanted with (1) rhBMP-2 loaded silk fibroin graft (SF-BMP: 0.8+$10\;{\mu}g$), (2) Silk fibroin (SF: $10\;{\mu}g$), and (3) no graft material (Raw). The samples were evaluated with soft x-rays, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium/phosphate quantification, histological and histomorphometric analysis at postoperative 4 and 8 weeks. Results: The SF-BMP group ($48.86{\pm}14.92%$) had a significantly higher mean percentage bone area than the SF group ($24.96{\pm}11.01%$) at postoperative 4 weeks.(P<0.05) In addition, the SF-BMP group ($40.01{\pm}12.43%$) had a higher % bone area at postoperative 8 weeks than the SF group ($33.26{\pm}5.15%$). The mean ratio of gray scale levels to the host bone showed that the SF-BMP group ($0.67{\pm}0.08$) had a higher mean ratio level than the SF group ($0.61{\pm}0.09$) at postoperative 8 weeks. These differences were not statistically significant.(P=0.168 and P=0.243, respectively) The ratio of the calcium and phosphate contents of the SF-BMP ($0.93{\pm}0.22$) group was lower than that of the SF ($1.90{\pm}1.42$) group at postoperative 4 weeks. However, the SF-BMP group ($0.75{\pm}0.31$) had a higher Ca/$PO_4$ ratio than the SF ($0.68{\pm}0.04$) at postoperative 8 weeks. These differences were not statistically significant.(P=0.126 and P=0.627, respectively) For the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, which is recognized as a reliable indicator of the osteoblast function, the SF-BMP ($23.71{\pm}8.60\;U/L$) groups had a significantly higher value than the SF group ($12.65{\pm}6.47\;U/L$) at postoperative 4 weeks.(P<0.05) At postoperative 8 weeks, the SF-BMP ($21.65{\pm}10.02\;U/L$) group had a lower bone-specific ALP activity than the SF group ($16.72{\pm}7.35\;U/L$). This difference was not statistically significant.(P=0.263) For the histological evaluation, the SF-BMP group revealed less inflammation, lower foreign body reactions and higher bone healing than the SF group at postoperative 4 and 8 weeks. The SF group revealed more foreign body reactions at postoperative 4 weeks. However, this immunogenic reaction decreased and the remnant of grafted material was observed at postoperative 8 weeks. For histomorphometric analysis, the SF-BMP group had a significantly longer bone length to total length ratio than those of the SF group at postoperative 4 and 8 weeks.(P<0.05) Conclusion: The rhBMP-2 loaded silk fibroin graft revealed fewer immunoreactions and inflammation as well as more new bone formation than the pure silk fibroin graft. Therefore, silk fibroin may be a candidate scaffold for tissue engineered bone regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1983

The purpose of this study was to prepare low methoxyl pectins (LMPs) by pectinesterase (PE) using waste tangerine peels and to compare the chemical, physical and gelling properties of the prepared pectins with the commercial LMP. The LMPs were prepared by treating albedo with 0.25M $Na_2CO_3$ to activate the PE. PE was then inactivated by heating. The sample was centrifuged and the supernatant was collected. LMP was obtained as precipitate by adding alcohol to the collected supernatant. The amounts of extractible pectins in albedo were 12.71~12.98% on a dry weight basis. Methoxyl contents of LMPs prepared by treating albedo with PE at pH 7.5 for 10min, at pH 8.5 for 10min, 20min and 30min were 5.12%, 4.27%, 3.08%, 1.85% respectively, demonstrating that the methoxyl contents of the preparations decreased as the degree of treatment albedo with PE increased. The acetyl contents of the preparations ranged from 0.09% to 0.12%, the values of which do not interfere with gel formation. The anhydrouronic acid contents of the prepared pectins were in the range of 94.2%~94.8%. The values of viscosity and molecular weights of the prepared LMPs tent to decrease as the degree of PE action on albedo increased. The textural value of the prepared LMP gels determined by Consistometer, Ridgelimeter and Instron denonstrated that the excess treatment of albedo with PE significantly impaired the gelling properties of the preparations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.839-845
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• 2009

Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignant neoplasm in the world. Much attention has been focused on reducing colon cancer risk through medical properties of natural compound that could act as anticarcinogens. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of Styela plicata (S. plicata) from in vitro experiments. S. plicata extracts showed antioxidant activity measured by TRAP assay and antigenotoxic effect in $200{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ induced DNA damage in human leukocytes. Especially, freeze-dried S. plicata extracted with methanol showed the highest level of TRAP (0.225 mM) and inhibition of DNA damage (66.8%). Additionally we observed the effect of S. plicata on the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and DMH induced DNA damage (by comet assay) in male SD rats. The animals were divided into three groups and fed high-fat and low fiber diet (100 g lard+20 g cellulose/kg diet) without (normal control and DMH control) or with a 3% (w/w) of lyophilized S. plicata powder (DMH+S. plicata). One week after beginning the diets, rats were treated with DMH (30 mg/kg, s.c.) for 6 weeks except for normal control group, which was treated saline instead; dietary treatments were continued for the entire experiment. Nine weeks after DMH injection, administration of S. plicata resulted in reduction of ACF numbers, to 82.7% of the carcinogen control value ($7.67{\pm}2.04$ vs. $1.33{\pm}0.53$: p<0.01). S. plicata supplementation induced antigenotoxic effect on DMH-induced DNA damage in the blood cell (% tail intensity: $6.79{\pm}0.26$ vs. $6.13{\pm}0.22$). These data indicate that S. plicata extract has antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic effects from in vitro experiments and S. plicata exerts a protective effect on the process of colon carcinogenesis, possibly by suppressing the DMH-induced DNA damage in blood cell and the development of preneoplastic lesions in colon.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.131-155
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• 1983

Though it has been widely known the nitrogen effects are influenced by soils, varieties, and mineral nutrients in the rice culture, few analyses in relation to the factors increasing nitrogen effect have been studied in Korea. The effects of potassium and silica on the factors increasing nitrogen effects in paddy soils were investigated in accordance with soil improvement practices and nitrogen application methods for the cultivated varieties. The results obtained are as follows. 1. For 413 paddy fields, the yield from soils without nitrogen application ranged from 200 to 850kg/10a and that from nitrogen application did 350 to 1,051kg/10a. The yield increament by nitrogen application varied 50 to 650kg/10a depending on soils. 2. Soil chemical characteristics for high yield were different between with nitrogen and without nitrogen application. In the without nitrogen application, however, contents of organic matter, phosphorous, potassium and calcium of high yield soils were lower than those of low yield, while the available silica content was higher in the former. 3. The yield increased with nitrogen application up to 22.4kg/10a and thereafter it decreased. These phenomena were supposed to be not be decrease of nitrogen uptake but by lowered silica uptake. 4. Clay soil incorporation, deep plough, and inorganic constituents control such as Ca, Mg, and $Sio_2$ were effective as soil improvement praitices. It was appeared that increases of silica content and Ca/Mg ratio were important to increase nitrogen effects. 5. For the correlation between yield and yield components, it was high between yield and panicle in low nitrogen level and so was it between grain yield and ripening rate in high nitrogen. 6. In the urea and super granule urea application plot, recovery rate of nitrogen by plant and soil was high and yield was remarkable high. 7. Regardless of fertilizer types such as ammonium sulfate and urea, the residual nitrogen was about 4kg/10a in both plots of 5.8 and 11.6kg/10a. N applied. 8. The potassium application to soil enhanced the nitrogen efficiency. It was more effective in low potassium soil. 9. Optimum pH value for gel formation in the 4% sodium silicate solution was approximately 6.6. 10. It was suggested that silica could affect to rice plant growth as the inorganic and organic chemical components.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 1990

This study was carried out by investigating the changes of physico-chemical and mechanical properties of Gwanghwal and Poseung series in order to obtain basic information on the soil improvement and management. 1. In Gwanghwal series, the content of salt in soil and ground water before rice transplanting at the 21st year after reclamation were 0.29 and 1.02 percent respectively, and the safty cultivation of paddy rice was possible after 33 years of reclamation in both soil series. 2. Clay contents. atterberg limits and clay activity according to the age of reclaimation showed negative correlation. but sand content and N-value were positive in them. 3. Cone index was lower than $3kg/cm^2$ for the first 5 years after reclaimation in both soil series, and the formation of hard pan were 33rd and 49th year after reclamation in Gwanghwal and Poseung series respectively, and its thickness was more in Poseung than in Gwanghwal series. 4. Shearing resistance decreased with the age of reclaimation in both soil series. and friction resistance increased in Gwanghwal than Poseung siries. 4. Shearig resistance decreased with the age of reclaimation in both soil series, and friction resistance increased in Gwanghwal than Poseung series. 5. Soil pH. available, $SiO_2$, $Mg^2$, $K^+$, $Na^+$ and C. E. C showed negative correlation. with the year cultivated paddy rice. but O. M. ava ilable $P_2O_5Ca^{2+}$ and T-N had positive one in both soil series. Contents of O. M and $Ca^{2+}$ and T-N had positive one in both soil series. Contents of O. M and $Ca^{2+}$ were high in Gwanghwal, but C. E. C. was in Poseung series.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2009

This paper aimed to develop a solvent extraction and purification process to recover high-purified ${\beta}$-carotene from recombinant Escherichia coli. Cells harvested from the culture broth were treated through numerous steps: dehydration, solvent extraction, crystal formation and separation. To optimize the extracting condition, experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of cell disruption, temperature, organic solvents, solvent-biomass ratio on the yield of ${\beta}$-carotene extracted from cells. The result indicated that no significant differences of extraction yield were observed from cells with or without step of cell disruption. Among different extracting solvents, the highest extraction yield of ${\beta}$-carotene, 30.3 mg-${\beta}$-carotene/g-dry cells, was obtained with isobutyl acetate at solvent-biomass ratio 25 mL/g-dry cells at $50^{\circ}C$. Notably, in case of acetone, the extraction yield was quite low when using acetone itself, but increased almost up to the highest value when combining this solvent and olive oil. The purity of ${\beta}$-carotene crystals obtained from crystallization and separation was 89%. The purity degree was further improved up to 98.5% by treating crude crystals with additional ethanol washing.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 1998

In order to elucidate the effect of phenobarbital sodium(PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC) on metabolism in vitro and toxicity of $^{14}C$-carbofuran in rat, they were administered by the chemicals, alone or in combination, and their survival ratios and metabolites were investigated. The $LD_{50}$(96 hrs) value of carbofuran to rats was 6.9 mg/kg. The toxicities of the major metabolites were in the decreasing order of 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran phenol and were much lower than that of the parent compound. When the rats were orally administered by the dose of carbofuran alone, 8.4 mg/kg, the survival ratio was 0%, whereas that was raised up to $60{\sim}80%$ with 20 mg/kg of PB or 3-MC, and 100% with 60 mg/kg of PB or 3-MC. Their metabolism in vitro occurred in the microsomal fraction. In case of carbofuran alone, the major metabolite was 3-hydroxycarbofuran. When carbofuran with PB or 3-MC, on the other hand, was treated, it was 3-ketocarbofuran. In addition, when the co-factor(NADP+G-6-P+G-6-P-DG) was added to the microsomal fraction(phase I system), and a mixture of NADPH+GSH to the 105,000g supernatant(phase II system) taken by carbofuran alone, each metabolites were produced by the maximum levels, respectively. In case of the carbofuran treatment with PB or 3-MC, the microsomal fraction of phase I system produced the maximum levels of metabolites, as in the treatment of carbofuran alone, whereas the 105,000g supernatant supplemented with the co-factor NADPH+FAD(phase II system) was brought about the maximum production of metabolites. The ratio of the formation of metabolites was 2 to 3 times higher in the combined treatment of carbofuran with PB or 3-MC than in the treatment of carbofuran alone.