• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2017

Measurement of bone marrow measurements may occur if bone marrow examination performed with bone marrow examination (bone marrow examination) and bone density (bone scan) are performed together recently. Thus, it was examined in clinical aspects that $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ compounds were affected by bone mineral density measurements. The average age of the participants in the experiment was $35.17{\pm}9.45$ and the patient fractures of the lumbar vertebrae that could affect the metabolic disease and bone density measurements affecting the metabolic disease of the 17 subjects. 6 patients with normal bone mineral density T-scores>-1.0 in 12 patients were analyzed before and after the administration of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$. In the lumbar spine, the average of $0.975{\pm}0.084g/cm^2$ and $0.966{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ were increased by $0.009g/cm^2$. respectively In the right proximal femur, mean values were $0.909{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ and $0.913{\pm}0.086g/cm^2$. In the right proximal thigh, mean values were $0.909{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ and $0.913{\pm}0.08 g/cm^2$, respectively, which decreased by $0.004g/cm^2$. In the left side proximal femur, mean $0.887{\pm}0.099g/cm^2$ and $0.881{\pm}0.103g/cm^2$, respectively, increased by $0.007g/cm^2$. Therefore, the BMD changes in the lumbar region were larger than that in the proximal thigh. In addition, $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ did not affect the BMD. And a bone scan test using a technetium-labeled compound emitting a gamma-ray energy of 140 keV did not significantly affect bone density measurements. However, if the nuclear medical examination and the osteoporosis test are to be performed together, the examination should be carried out at intervals considering the exposures of the patient.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.90-101
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of various quantitative indices for the differentiation of benign from malignant primary soft tissue tumors by FDG-PET. A series of 32 patients with a variety of histologically or clinically confirmed benign (20) or malignant (12) soft tissue lesions were evaluated with emission whole body (5min/bed position) PET after injection of [$^{18}F$]FDG. Regional 20min transmission scan for the attenuation correction and calculation of SUV was performed in 16 patients (10 benign, 6malignant) followed by dynamic acquisition for 56min. Postinjection transmission scan for the attenuation correction and calculation of SUV was executed in the other 16 patients (10 benign, 6 malignant). The following indices were obtained. the peak and average SUV (pSUV, aSUV) of lesions, tumor-to-background ratio acquired at images of 51 min p.i. ($TBR_{51}$), tumor-to-background ratio of areas under time-activity curves ($TBR_{area}$) and the ratio between the activities of tumor ROI at 51 min p. i. and at the time which background ROI reaches maximum activity on the time-activity curves ($T_{51}/T_{max}$). The pSUV, aSUV, $TBR_{51}$, and $TBR_{area}$ in malignant lesions were significantly higher than those in benign lesions. We set the cut-off values of pSUV, aSUV, $TBR_{51},\;TBR_{area}$ and $T_{51}/T_{max}$ for the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions at 3.5, 2.8, 5.1, 4.3 and 1.55, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 91.7%, 80.0%, 84.4% by pSUV and aSUV, 83.3%, 85.0%, 84.4% by $TBR_{51}$, 83.3%, 100%, 93.8% by $TBR_{area}$ and 66.7%, 70.0%, 68.8% by $T_{51}/T_{max}$. The time-activity curves did not give additional information compared to SUV or TBR. The one false negative was a case with low-grade fibrosarcoma and all four false positives were cases with inflammatory change on histology. The visual, analysis of FDG-PET also detected the metastatic lesions in malignant cases with comparable accuracy In conclusion, all pSUV, aSUV, $TBR_{51}$, and $TBR_{area}$ are useful metabolic semi-quantitative indices with good accuracy for the differentiation of benign from malignant soft-tissue lesions.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.706-713
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• 2013

With pot-grown 4-year-old 'Fuyu' persimmon trees, this study evaluated the effect of different nitrogen (N) rates during summer on fruit characteristics, changes of leaf nutrients after harvest, reserve accumulation, and early growth the following year. A total of 0, 36 g N in June, and 72 g N in June and July was fertigated to each tree using urea solution. All the fruits were harvested on Nov. 3. Although not significant, fruits were larger for the 36 g and 72 g N than the 0 g N. Fruits for the 0 g N, having lower N concentration, were softer and had a better coloration and higher soluble solids, indicating that they matured earlier. SPAD value on Nov. 3 was 19.2 for the 0 g N and 54.9 for the 72 g N, and then the values linearly decreased in all the treatments by Nov. 14, exhibiting rapid leaf senescence. Specific leaf weight, being the lowest for the 0 g N, also gradually decreased during this period. Increasing N level significantly increased cross-sectional area of the trunk. Leaf N concentration on Nov. 3 was 0.87% for the 0 g N, whereas it was 1.18 and 1.52% for the 36 g and 72 g N, respectively. The N fertigation tended to increase leaf concentrations of soluble sugars, starch, and amino acids. Contents of N, P, K, soluble sugars, starch, and amino acids per unit leaf area gradually decreased in all the treatments during the 11 days after harvest, and the extent of the decrease was the lowest for the 0 g N. On the other hand, those of Ca, Mg, and protein did not consistently change during this period. The N fertigation resulted in higher concentrations of N in dormant shoots on Nov. 14, and although not great, it also increased soluble sugars, starch, amino acids, and protein. Clear differences were found in number of flower buds per one-year-old branch and total shoot length per tree the following year. The 72 g N trees had 5.6-fold more flower buds and 1.9-fold more shoot length, compared with those of 0 g N trees. However, it was noted that tree growth the following year was not significantly different between the 36 g and 72 g N the previous year. It was concluded that N rate during summer should be adjusted with considering the changes of fruit maturation, mobilization of leaf nutrients, and reserve accumulation.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.327-344
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• 2011

This study is the first step for us toward improving high school students' capability of statistical inferences, such as obtaining and interpreting the confidence interval on the population mean that is currently learned in high school. We suggest 5 underlying concepts of 'discretion of contingency and inevitability', 'discretion of induction and deduction', 'likelihood principle', 'variability of a statistic' and 'statistical model', those are necessary to appreciate statistical inferences as a reliable arguing tools in spite of its occasional erroneous conclusions. We assume those 5 concepts above are to be gradually developing in their school periods and Korean mathematics textbooks of grades 1-12 were analyzed. Followings were found. For the right choice of solving methodology of the given problem, no elementary textbook but a few high school textbooks describe its difference between the contingent circumstance and the inevitable one. Formal definitions of population and sample are not introduced until high school grades, so that the developments of critical thoughts on the reliability of inductive reasoning could not be observed. On the contrary of it, strong emphasis lies on the calculation stuff of the sample data without any inference on the population prospective based upon the sample. Instead of the representative properties of a random sample, more emphasis lies on how to get a random sample. As a result of it, the fact that 'the random variability of the value of a statistic which is calculated from the sample ought to be inherited from the randomness of the sample' could neither be noticed nor be explained as well. No comparative descriptions on the statistical inferences against the mathematical(deductive) reasoning were found. Few explanations on the likelihood principle and its probabilistic applications in accordance with students' cognitive developmental growth were found. It was hard to find the explanation of a random variability of statistics and on the existence of its sampling distribution. It is worthwhile to explain it because, nevertheless obtaining the sampling distribution of a particular statistic, like a sample mean, is a very difficult job, mere noticing its existence may cause a drastic change of understanding in a statistical inference.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2001

This study was carried out to examine the quality stability of powdered soup using powder from oyster wash water (PSW). To compare the quality stability, powdered soup from oyster hot-water extracts (PSE) was also prepared by mixing hot-water extract powder (15 g), table salt (5 g), cream powder (19 g), milk replacer (12 g), wheat flour (20 g), corn flour (15 g), starch (5 g), glucose (7.5 g), and onion powder (1.5 g). In preparing PSW, powder from oyster wash water, instead of powder from oyster hot-water extracts, was added and other additives were the same proportion as PSE. The PSW and PSE were packed with laminated film bag (OPP,$20\;{\mu}m$; PE, $20{\mu}m$; paper, $45\;g/m^3$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$; Al, $7\;{\mu}m$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$), and then stored at ambient temperature for 12 months. The moisture content, water activity, peroxide value, and fatty acid composition showed little changes during storage of the PSW, The pH, volatile basic nitrogen content, and brown pigment formation increased slightly, while white index decreased slightly during storage of PSW. No significant difference was observed in the changes of food components between PSW and PSE during storage. According to a sensory evaluation, the change in quality of PSW was negligible during 12 months of storage. From the results of the chemical experiment and sensory evaluation, PSW packed with laminated film bag (OPP, $20\;{\mu}m$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$; paper, $45\;g/{\mu}m$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$) was revealed to be preserved in good quality during 12 months of storage.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.89-97
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• 1969

These studies were made on coating of fresh fruits and vegetables with PVC under view on preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables due to restrain water evaporation of them and control gas metabolisms. The results obtained, as selection of PVC materials availble for preservation of them, procedure of the coating, useful organic solvents, concentration of PVC solution and the time of dipping, and effects of the preservation of them, were summarized as follows: 1) PVC powder 222 and PVC powder 443 were surveyed as suitable materials for coating apple, and later was excellent in lustrous aspect. 2) The coating procedure which dipt into PVC solution was suitable to treat much within a short space of time, and using of ventillator accelerate rather evaporation of the organic solvent. 3) Aceton and methyethylketon as solvent of the PVC were, in purpose of storage only, avaible, while aceton was, in view ef taste, better. 4) 10% of the PVC solutions were better to preserve the freshness of apple and 5, 4, 1 and 0.5% of them in order were gradually decreased in preservability, and 15% of them as high concentration were looked like fermentation in one week after the coating. 5) The dipping time was also better n minute than 10 seconds in a preservation but 1-2 minutes could be applied owing to be not affected of the taste due to coating. 6) The freshness of treatment groups were extend about 48 days after coating in room temperature but control lost market value with 12 days. 7) Weight of control was decreased to 10-13% but treatment which was dipped into 10% of coating solution for one minute was decreased to 3.5-4.6% and treatment for four minutes was did to 2.9-3.0%. 8) Change in respiration was less is treatment groups than control in exhaustion of $CO_2$, and water soluble sugar, reduced sugar and pH were not changed almost due to coating. 9) Pannel discussion of the taste was indicated that control was better than treatments soon after coating, but treatments were rather than control last period of storage and treatment with aceton solvent specially was better than others.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.245-263
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• 2013

This study was conducted to find out the influence of elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations and air temperature on photosynthesis and fruit quality of 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees and to investigate these to the effects of climate change during the last four years (2009-2012). The treatments employed were: 'Ambient' (ambient temperature + ambient $CO_2$ concentration); 'High $CO_2$' (ambient temperature + elevated $CO_2$ concentration); 'High Temp'. (elevated temperature + ambient $CO_2$ concentration); and 'High $CO_2$ + High Temp'. (elevated temperature + elevated $CO_2$ concentration). The elevated temperature plots were maintained at $4^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient air temperature, while the elevated $CO_2$ plots were maintained at 700 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$. Annual treatment period was applied from end of April to beginning of November for four years. Results showed that elevated $CO_2$ decreased stomatal conductance and leaf SPAD value, but increased photosynthetic rate, intercellular $CO_2$ concentration (Ci), and starch content of mesophyll tissue. In the vegetative growth, elevated temperature increased total number of shoot and total shoot growth per tree, but elevated $CO_2$ decreased average shoot length. In the fruit quality, elevated $CO_2$ increased soluble solid content, fruit red color, and ethylene production. In conclusion, elevated $CO_2$ increased photosynthetic rate of apples during the early growth, but effect of increased photosynthetic rate due to elevated $CO_2$ was decreased during latter growth stage. Elevated temperature, on the other hand, tended to decrease photosynthetic rate of apples during the early growth, but that tended to increase during latter growth stage. Both elevated $CO_2$ and temperature tended to decrease the degree of decreased photosynthetic rate due to each factor.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.61-87
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• 1995

On the basis of lithology, the Precambrian Hongjesa Granitic Gneiss can be locally zoned into granoblastic granitic gneiss, porphyroblastic granitic gneiss, migmatitic gneiss from its center to the marginal part. There are no distinct differences in mineral assemblages by lithologic zoning, but it partly shows the change of mineral assemblage in the adjacent with migmatitic gneiss, thus mineral assemblage can be subdivided into Zone I and Zone II. In terms of mineral compositions, the characteristics of Zone I are coexisting K-feldspar+muscovite+sillimanite. The characteristics of Zone II are (1) breakdown of muscovite, (2) coexisting garnetScordierite, (3) coexisting garnet+cordierite + orthoamphibole. The Buncheon Granitic Gneiss is mainly composed of augen gneiss. In the adjacent area with Honjesa Granitic Gneisses, Buncheon Granitic Gneiss has the mineral assemblage of sillimanite+biotite+K-feldspar+(kyanite). Kyanite occurs as relict grains in the Buncheon and Hongjesa Granitic Gneissess. Kyanite shows anhedral to subhedral form and coexists with sillimanite in only one of these samples. Garnet from a migmatitic gneiss (Zone 11) has relatively high $X_{Fe}$ value in core and rim. Garnet from a porphyroblastic granitic gneiss(Zone I) has relatively homogemeous core but compositionally-zoned rim. Biotites show various colour from greenish-brown, brown to reddish brown at maximum adsorption. Also, the Ti, and Mg content in biotites increases from Zone I to Zone II. The plagioclases shows the chemical composition of $Ab_{84}An_{16}$ -$Ab_{70}An_{30}$ (oligoclase) in Zone I and $Ab_{70}An_{30}$ -$Ab_{50}An_{50}$(andesine) in Zone 11. These variations indicate that the gneisses in the study area experienced a upperamphibolite facies. The presence of kyanite as relict grains indicates that the metamorphic rocks in this area exprienced a high-temperature/medium-pressure type metamorphism, followed by high-temperaturellow-pressure metamorphism. Metamorphic P-T conditions for each gneiss estimated from various geothermobarometers and phase equilibria are 698-$729^{\circ}C$/6.3-11.3 kbar in augen gneiss, 621-$667^{\circ}C$/1.0-5.4 kbar in migmatitic gneiss, and 602-$624^{\circ}C$/1.9-3.4 kbar in porphyroblastic granitic gneiss. These data suggest that the study area was subjected to a clockwise P-T path with isothermal decompression (dP/dT=about 60 bar/$^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2016

In this study, among various factors having influence on SUV, we intended to compare and analyze the change of SUV using CT(4 type) and MRI(3 type) contrast agents which are commercialized now. We used Discovery 690 PET/CT(GE) and NEMA NU2 - 1994 PET phantom as experimental equipment. We have conducted a study as follows; first, we filled distilled water to phantom about two-thirds and injected radioisotope(18F-FDG 37 MBq), contrast agent. Second, we mixed CT contrast agent with distilled water and MRI contrast agent with that water separately. And then, we stirred the fluid and filled distilled water fully not to make air bubble. In emission scan, we had 15minutes scanning time after 40 minutes mixing contrast agent with distilled water. In transmission scan, we used CT scanning and its measurement conditions were tube voltage 120 kVp, tube current 40 mA, rotation time 0.5 sec, slice thickness 3.27 mm, DFOV 30 cm. Analyzing results, we set up some ROIs in 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, 30th slice and measured SUVmean, SUVmax. Consequently, all images mixed 3 types of MRI contrast agent with distilled water have high SUVmean as compared with pure FDG image but there was no statistical significance. In SUVmax, they have high score and there was statistical significance. And other 4 images mixed 4 types of CT contrast agent with distilled water have significance in both SUVmean and SUVmax. Attenuation correction in PET/CT has been executed through various methods to make high quality image. But we figured out that using CT and MRI contrast agents before PET/CT scanning could make distortion of image and decrease diagnostic value. In that reason, we have to sort out the priority of examination in hospital not to disturb other examination's results. Through this process, we will be able to give superior medical service to our customers.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial activity and the effect on hepatotoxicity in various extracts of Artemisia iwayomogi. The herb has been used widely for jaundice, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in chinese medicine. Solid yield by various extraction solvents, 18.1%, was the highest in water extract. To find antioxidative activity in Artemisia iwayomogi was estimated radical scavenging effect by DPPH method in various extracts and change of the POV(peroxide value) of various extracts added in soybean oil during 20 days at $60^{\circ}C$. Radical scavenging effect by DPPH method was the most effective in methanol extract. Added 1,000ppm water extract and methanol extract in soybean oil, the POV of them, 46.8(meq/kg) and 50.8(meq/kg) were lower than that of control, 79.1(meq/kg), during 20 days storage. After antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Artemisia iwayomogi on bacteria was carried out by paper disc method, it found that the ethanol extract was the strongest activity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In vivo experiment was to investigate the effect of Artemisia iwayomogi water extract(AIWE) on hepatotoxicity by carbon tetrachloride$(CCl_4)$ in rats. The experiment groups were divided into five groups for recovery(for 3 days) and three groups for protection(for 10 days) in rat liver. The weights and morphological changes of liver and the body weight were examined in each groups. Compared with $CCl_4$ treatment groups$(CCl_4\;only)$, liver and liver/body(%) weights of AIWE pretreatment groups for 3 days and AIWE posttreatment groups for 10 days were declined. In macrography, fibrious exudates and swelling of liver were decreased in AIWE treatment groups. Accumulation of lipid droplets and necrosis of hepatocytes were also decreased in AIWE treatment groups in microscopically. In these results, AIWE seems to enhance hepato-protective and recoverable effect on $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity in rats.