• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1336-1344
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• 2014

The effects of various packaging systems, vacuum packaging (VACP), medium oxygen-modified atmosphere packaging (50% $O_2/20%$ $CO_2/30%$ $N_2$, MOMAP), MOMAP combined with vacuum skin packaging (VSP-MOMAP), high oxygen-MAP (80% $O_2/20%$ $CO_2/30%$ $N_2$, HOMAP), and HOMAP combined with VSP (VSP-HOMAP), on the activity of antioxidant enzyme, and oxidation and color stabilities in sliced Hanwoo (Korean cattle) beef loin were investigated at $4^{\circ}C$ for 14 d. Higher (p<0.05) superoxide dismutase activity and total reducing ability were maintained in VSP-MOMAP beef than in HOMAP beef. Lipid oxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) was significantly (p<0.05) retarded in MOMAP, VSP-MOMAP, and VSP-HOMAP beef compared with HOMAP beef. Production of nonheme iron content was lower (p<0.05) in VSP-MOMAP beef than in HOMAP beef. Red color ($a^*$) was kept higher (p<0.05) in VSP-MOMAP beef compared with MOMAP, HOMAP, and VSP-HOMAP beef. However, VACP beef was found to have the most positive effects on the antioxidant activity, oxidation and red color stabilities among the various packaged beef. These findings suggested that VSP-MOMAP was second to VACP in improving oxidation and color stabilities in sliced beef loin during chill storage.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.757-762
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• 2000

Vinylbenzyloxystyrylpyridine (VSP) as a photosensitive monomer was synthesized by the reaction of 4-hydroxystyrylpyrydine with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. Photocrosslinkable polymers containing rosin moiety were then prepared by radically copolymerizing VSP with a methacrylic monomer having rosin moiety. In these copolymerizations, the VSP feed ratios of 5 to 20 mol% were used. The contents of VSP units in the copolymers were determined by UV spectroscopy to be 5.3 to 17.3 mol%. The numberaverage molecular weights of these polymers were in the range of 18000 to 28000 and the polydispersity indexes were about 1.8. The glass transition temperatures were about 15$0^{\circ}C$ and the initial decomposition temperatures were about 34$0^{\circ}C$. The polymers were relatively fast photocrosslinked and the photocrosslinking reaction could be traced by the UV spectroscopy and the residual yield method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1032-1038
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• 2011

Recently identified Ciona intestinalis voltage sensor-containing phosphatase (Ci-VSP) consists of an ion channel-like transmembrane domain (VSD) and a phosphatase-like domain. Ci-VSP senses the change of membrane potential by its VSD and works as a phosphoinositide phosphatase by its phosphatase domain. In this study, we present the construction of His-tagged phosphatase-like domain of Ci-VSP, its recombinant expression and purification, and its enzymatic activity behavior in order to examine the biochemical behavior of phosphatase domain of Ci-VSP without interference. We found that Ci-VSP(248-576)-His can be eluted with an elution buffer containing 25 mM NaCl and 100 mM imidazole during His-tag purification. In addition, we found the proper measurement condition for kinetics study of Ci-VSP(248-576)-His against p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP). We measured the kinetic constant of Ci-VSP(248-576)-His at $37^{\circ}C$, pH 5.0 or 5.5, under 30 min of reaction time, and less than $2.0\;{\mu}g$ of protein amount. With these conditions, we acquired that Ci-VSP(248-576)-His has $K_m$ of $354{\pm}0.143\;{\mu}M$, $V_{max}$ of $0.0607{\pm}0.0137\;{\mu}mol$/min/mg and $k_{cat}$ of $0.359{\pm}0.009751\;min^{-1}$ for pNPP dephosphorylation. Therefore, we produced a pure form of Ci-VSP(248-576)-His, and this showed a higher activity against pNPP. This purified protein will provide the road to a structural investigation on an interesting protein, Ci-VSP.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 2007

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodules is a distinctly beneficial metabolic process in legume plants. Legumes control the nodule number and nodulation zone through a systemic negative regulatory system between shoot and root. Mutation in the soybean NTS gene encoding GmNARK, a CLAVATA1-like serine/threonine receptor-like kinase, causes excessive nodule development called hypernodulation. To examine the effect of nts mutation on the gene expression profile in the leaves, suppression subtractive hybridization was performed with the trifoliate leaves of nts mutant 'SS2-2' and the wild-type (WT) parent 'Sinpaldalkong2', and 75 EST clones that were highly expressed in the leaves of the SS2-2 mutant were identified. Interestingly, the expression of jasmonate (JA)-responsive genes such as vspA, vspB, and Lox2 were upregulated, whereas that of a salicylate-responsive gene PR1a was suppressed in the SS2-2 mutant. In addition, the level of JA was about two-fold higher in the leaves of the SS2-2 mutant than in those of the WT under natural growth conditions. Moreover, the JA-responsive gene expression persists in the leaves of SS2-2 mutant without rhizobia infection in the roots. Taken together, our results suggest that the nts mutation increases JA synthesis in mature leaves and consequently leads to constitutive expression of JA-responsive genes which is irrelevant to hypernodulation in the root.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 1991

The effects of media composition on citric acid fermentation using surface immobilized Saccharomycopsis lipolytica were studied. The use of the standard medium for these organisms resulted in rapid decrease of citric acid production and a transformation of immobilized cell morphologies from a yeast-type to a mycelium-type. When the standard medium was enriched with vitamins, trace minerals, a growth factor and ammonium to form a Vigorous Stationary Phase (VSP) fermentation type medium, relatively stable citric acid production (10 mg/lㆍh) was obtained. Using the VSP type medium, the surface immobilized cells also retained their yeast-type form.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of Second-Heat-Seal film(SHS) as an alternative material to PVDC/EVA shrink film(VSP) being currently used by domestic meat packer for vacuum-packaging of fresh meat. The samples from pork loin and beef striploin and round were stored at 2$^{circ}C$ for 5 weeks and measured for the changes of microbial counts, color, pH, volatile basic nitrogen(VBN), purge loss and sensory parameters. The pork loins packed with SHS showed higher spermine contents during the whole storage period at 2$^{circ}C$, and lower counts in total microbes and lactic acid bacteria after 28 days storage at 2$^{circ}C$ than those packed with SHS tended to be lower than those packed with VSP over the storage time. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed between two packaging treatments in the other quality parameters evaluated. It is therefore concluded that SHS film might have a possibility to substitute for VSP film for vacuum-packaging of fresh meat at least from a materials point of view.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.338-349
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate comparison of physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of Hanwoo eye of round by various packaging methods [wrapped packaging (WP), modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), vacuum packaging (VP) with three different vacuum films, and vacuum skin packaging (VSP)] at a small scale. Packaged Hanwoo beef samples were stored in refrigerated conditions ($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) for 28 days. Packaged beef was sampled on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Physicochemical [pH, surface color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values], microbiological, and sensory analysis of packaged beef samples were performed. VP and VSP samples showed low TBARS and VBN values, and pH and surface color did not change substantially during the 28-day period. For VSP, total viable bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and coliform counts were lower than those for other packaging systems. Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were not detected in any packaged beef samples. A sensory analysis showed that the scores for appearance, flavor, color, and overall acceptability did not change significantly until day 7. In total, VSP was effective with respect to significantly higher $a^*$ values, physicochemical stability, and microbial safety in Hanwoo packaging (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

A TSP(Tunnel Seismic Prediction) survey which is modified VSP(Vertical Seismic Profiling) survey applied in tunnel was carried out at Pyongtaek and Incheon liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) storage cavern during excavation. The TSP survey in Pyongtaek LPG storage cavern which is located below Namyangho was performed to confirm the location and orientation of the fault detected at pre-investigation stage. The TSP survey was carried out in access tunnel, construction tunnel, and watercurtain tunnel to characterize 3 dimensional figure of the fault. The results of TSP survey are compared four in vestigation boreholes drilled in shelter of access tunnel. The fault was also detected by borehole survey and the location was coincided with the result of TSP survey. Depending on the result of TSP survey and core logging, the design such as cavern layout and length was changed. Another TSP survey was performed in Incheon LPG storage cavern which is located below sea. Because of poor geological information at pre-investigation stage and suffering from heavy leakage of groundwater, the TSP survey to detect fracture zone was carried out. The support and grouting design was reflected by the result of TSP survey.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2016

Voltage-gated $Ca^{2+}$ ($Ca_V$) channels are dynamically modulated by Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The $M_1$ muscarinic receptor stimulation is known to enhance $Ca_V2.3$ channel gating through the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Here, we found that $M_1$ receptors also inhibit $Ca_V2.3$ currents when the channels are fully activated by PKC. In whole-cell configuration, the application of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, potentiated $Ca_V2.3$ currents by ~two-fold. After the PMA-induced potentiation, stimulation of $M_1$ receptors decreased the $Ca_V2.3$ currents by $52{\pm}8%$. We examined whether the depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate ($PI(4,5)P_2$) is responsible for the muscarinic suppression of $Ca_V2.3$ currents by using two methods: the Danio rerio voltage-sensing phosphatase (Dr-VSP) system and the rapamycin-induced translocatable pseudojanin (PJ) system. First, dephosphorylation of $PI(4,5)P_2$ to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) by Dr-VSP significantly suppressed $Ca_V2.3$ currents, by $53{\pm}3%$. Next, dephosphorylation of both PI(4)P and $PI(4,5)P_2$ to PI by PJ translocation further decreased the current by up to $66{\pm}3%$. The results suggest that $Ca_V2.3$ currents are modulated by the $M_1$ receptor in a dual mode-that is, potentiation through the activation of PKC and suppression by the depletion of membrane $PI(4,5)P_2$. Our results also suggest that there is rapid turnover between PI(4)P and $PI(4,5)P_2$ in the plasma membrane.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 2014

In this study, we evaluated an effect of the tempered materials on the thermal runaway characteristics in the resol resin synthesis reaction using the adiabatic calorimetry of vent sizing package 2(VSP2). The kinetic parameters, such as an activation energy and heat of reaction, were estimated using the test results. As the results, the instantaneous characteristics to express the intensity of runaway reaction decreased at the low solid content. However, the sudden loss of the tempered materials triggered the second runaway reaction rapidly. In this condition, the heat of reaction and the activation energy of phenol and p-formaldehyde were about 157 kJ/mol and 60 kJ/mol, respectively.