• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.110-116
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• 2019

Virtual reality (VR) sickness can have an influential effect on the viewing quality of VR 3D contents. Particularly, watching the 3D contents on a head-mounted display (HMD) could cause some severe level of visual discomfort. Despite the importance of assessing the VR sickness, most of the recent studies have focused on unveiling the reason of inducing VR sickness. In this paper, we subjectively measure the level of VR sickness induced in the viewing of omnidirectional 3D graphics contents in HMD environment. Apart from that, we propose an objective assessment model that estimates the level of induced VR sickness by calculating the difference between head movement velocity and global camera motion velocity.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.135-140
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• 2019

This study is aimed at analyzing cyber motion sickness factors focus on virtual environment-based VR and real-world VR. First literature study of cyber motion sickness, 3D animations and documentaries were conducted. As a measurement tool for the degree of motion sickness, the symptom values were measured in a standardized SSQ (Simulator Sickness Questnire) questionnaire. Following the measurement, an in-depth interview was conducted based on the SSQ questionnaire. The results are as follows, First, actual environment based VR caused bigger cyber motion sickness, second, values of strong saturation of VR contents cause cyber motion sickness. This study is expected to be used as design guidelines for configuring VR early contents and to be used for cyber motion sickness research.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.2531-2546
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• 2021

For several years, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have been improving. However, some hurdles remain that slow down the distribution of VR and AR devices, such as head-mounted display (HMD), and related consumer content. One issue is VR motion sickness, which has been experienced by users using 360 degree VR content via HMD. This paper discusses the related international standardization work that classifies the factors causing VR sickness, and proposes the process for VR sickness level evaluation. Among the factors causing VR sickness, many research institutes regard minimizing MTP (Motion-to-Photon) latency as the key enabler to mitigate VR sickness. Thus, this paper introduces research trends of MTP latency measurement and MTP latency mitigation. This paper categorizes the research on MTP latency measurement into 2 categories of hardware-based approach and software code-level approach. The 2 approaches have different pros and cons depending on use-case, purpose, and architecture of each multimedia system. The pros and cons are addressed in this paper. Additionally, the research on mitigating MTP latency with diverse strategies such as proactive computing, caching, and edge server technology is explained, and compared to conventional technologies, shows improved performance.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.603-611
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• 2022

As the era of metaverse approaches, there are challenges that need to be solved. Among them, 'cyber motion sickness' is a representative problem from 2016;when VR technology began to attract attention. According to the theory of sensory conflict, motion sickness is caused when the perceived direction of motion information and the expected value are not the same. The paper was written to theoretically explore the relationship between brain cognition and cyber motion sickness, and to prove the effect of user immersion on motion sickness symptoms based on this. Through the SSQ experiment, it was found that the rotation value of the camera aggravates the symptoms of cyber motion sickness and can alleviate cyber motion sickness by increasing the immersion of the game by giving the viewer visual and shift missions to solve. This study was conducted to solve the problem of cyber motion sickness during the process of developing the VR rhythm game "beatale", and it is expected to be the basis for improving cyber motion sickness not only in the development of the project but also in the production of VR contents in the future.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2020

The inconsistency in different sensory information causes virtual reality (VR) sickness. This research verifies whether the consistent sensory information reduces VR sickness within treadmill-based virtual reality. Furthermore, we examined the inconsistency between the visually perceived walking speed by optical flow in VR and the physically perceived walking speed in treadmill walking on VR sickness. In Experiment 1, participants reported VR sickness levels while experiencing an increase in the virtual reality. We compared the VR sickness level reported on the standing still condition with that on the treadmill-walking condition. Based on our results, less VR sickness and more sense of presence and immersion were reported on the treadmill-walking condition than on the standing still condition. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, the effect of inconsistency between perceived visual speed and perceived walking speed on VR sickness was examined. Interestingly, participants reported less sickness when the perceived visual speed was faster than the perceived walking speed, compared to when the sense of speed was consistent. These results imply that allowing participants to walk on a treadmill while experiencing virtual reality reduces VR sickness. Hence, the perceived visual-walking speed consistency is not necessarily required to reduce VR sickness.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.800-812
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• 2018

In this study, we reviewed recent trends for enhancing human cognitive accessibility to social VR platform. We also proposed a practical method to predict VR sickness and improve the cognitive accessibility. In doing so, we investigated subtle changes in human body sway unconsciously made before, during, and after being exposed to extreme VR experience. The scientific assumption that VR sickness would be correlated with the subtle changes in body sway was validated. We found that participants who showed sensitive changes in the body sway before VR experience, felt more severe VR sickness than others. The findings can be practically applied in predicting susceptibility to VR sickness prior to VR experiences.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.200-208
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• 2017

Despite a rapid market growth in VR, cyber sickness has become the most serious problem in terms of user experience. The aim of this study is to verify whether there are differences in user's perception of cyber sickness by the point-of-view and the movement in VR contents. An experimental testing of game playing with VR headset was conducted on the effects of two conditions: first-person and third-person views in the point-of-view condition, and yaw - pitch rotations in the head movement condition. The results showed that cyber sickness worsened in the first-person point-of-view and in the yaw rotation movement. Point-of-view and movement had main effects on the cyber sickness, but an interaction effect between point-of-view and movement was not found. Based on the findings, along with reducing VR sickness, we proposed practical implications for VR contents planning for building balanced VR user experience. Positive VR experience can be reinforced through visual design, multi-modal interface design, and experience marketing for the optimal level of contents immersion. A future research was suggested on the roll rotation for diverse content genre development.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.420-431
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• 2018

This study approaches the subject of satisfaction and persistent use intention based on presence based on virtual reality (VR). VR presence, user characteristic, and VR sickness, content satisfaction and system satisfaction, and continued use intention through this of 569 men and women commissioned by the survey agency were investigated. In the content of the study, the constituent factors of VR presence, an independent variable, were set as realism, immersion, and interaction. The user characteristics were set as the individual 's propensity to innovate, the degree of immersion, and the experience of using VR. VR Presence, User Characteristics, VR Sickness of Intention of Continuous Usage were set as research problems and models. Eight hypotheses were adopted in the analysis of the research problem applying the structural equation modeling (SEM) model. In conclusion, this study suggests that content satisfaction, which has the greatest influence on VR content satisfaction and persistent intention, is suggested.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.15-32
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• 2018

In this research, SSQ is used to validate and explore effective indices for VR sickness and to diagnose the severity of each symptom. Therefore, this research used first, third person game and $360^{\circ}$ actual content which are mainly used in existing VR contents, and measured various sickness symptoms using SSQ. Also, according to the result of statistical analysis, increased the power and contribute to identify virtual reality sickness measurement method. In addition, this research examined the difference of gender, age and the experience of virtual reality using statistical methodology, and improved diagnostic capability.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.429-434
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• 2017

VR technology has been repidly developing thanks to development of a huge amount of new contents as well as new devices optimized for the virtual environment. Businesses in the IT sector have already started focusing on virtual reality, which might be considered as the center of industry in the future, and concentrated their efforts on development of VR, hardware and technology. Also, development of various VR device would lead to prosperity of media contents based on VR, Still, cyber sickness remain a serious problem waiting for an appropriate solution. In this paper we discuss causes for cyber sickness, analyze the relationship between cyber sickness and reflex eye movement and propose guidelines for the process of producing contents. In addition, we show experiments analyzing the effect of the proposed measures for alleviating cyber sickness.