• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.723-735
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• 2024

VPS34 is a crucial protein in cells, essential for handling cellular stress through its involvement in autophagy and endocytosis. This protein functions as a Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, producing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, which is necessary for autophagy and vesicle trafficking. Additionally, VPS34 forms two mutually exclusive complexes, each playing a vital role in autophagy and endocytic sorting. These complexes share common subunits, including VPS15, VPS34, and Beclin 1, with complex I having ATG14 as a specific subunit. Due to its association with various human diseases, regulation of the VPS34 complex I has garnered significant interest, emerging as a potential therapeutic target for drug discovery. Summaries of the structure, function of VPS34 complexes, and developed VPS34 inhibitors have been provided, along with discussions on the regulation mechanism of VPS34, particularly in relation to the initiation complex I of autophagy. This offers valuable insights for treating autophagy-related diseases.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Use of custom tray and tray adhesive is clinically recommended for elastomeric impression material. However there is not clear mention of drying time of tray adhesive in achieving appropriate bonding strength of tray material and impression material. PURPOSE. This study is to investigate an appropriate drying time of tray adhesives by evaluating tensile bonding strength between two types of polyvinylsiloxane impression materials and resin tray, according to various drying time intervals of tray adhesives, and with different manufacturing company combination of impression material and tray adhesive. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Adhesives used in this study were Silfix (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, Del, USA) and VPS Tray Adhesive (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and impression materials were Aquasil Ultra (monophase regular set, Dentsply Caulk, Milford, Del, USA) and Imprint II Garant (regular body, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany). They were used combinations from the same manufacture and exchanged combinations of the two. The drying time was designed to air dry, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, and 25 minutes. Total 240 of test specimens were prepared by auto-polymerizing tray material(Instant Tray Mix, Lang, Wheeling, Il, USA) with 10 specimens in each group. The specimens were placed in the Universal Testing machine (Instron, model 3366, Instron Corp, University avenue, Nowood, MA, USA) to perform the tensile test (cross head speed 5 mm/min). The statistically efficient drying time was evaluated through ANOVA and Scheffe test. All the tests were performed at 95% confidence level. RESULTS. The results revealed that at least 10 minutes is needed for Silfix-Aquasil, and 15 minutes for VPS Tray Adhesive-Imprint II, to attain an appropriate tensile bonding strength. VPS Tray Adhesive-Imprint II had a superior tensile bonding strength when compared to Silfix-Aquasil over 15 minutes. Silfix-Aquasil had a superior bonding strength to VPS Tray Adhesive-Aquasil, and VPS Tray Adhesive-Imprint II had a superior tensile bonding strength to Silfix-Imprint II at all drying periods. CONCLUSION. Significant increase in tensile bonding strength with Silfix-Aquasil and VPS Tray adhesive-Imprint II combination until 10 and 15 minutes respectively. Tray adhesive-impression material combination from the same company presented higher tensile bonding strength at all drying time intervals than when using tray adhesive-impression material of different manufactures.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.39.1-39.8
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• 2021

Tamoxifen (TAM) is an anticancer drug used to treat estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. However, its ER-independent cytotoxic and antifungal activities have prompted debates on its mechanism of action. To achieve a better understanding of the ER-independent antifungal action mechanisms of TAM, we systematically identified TAM-sensitive genes through microarray screening of the heterozygous gene deletion library in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Secondary confirmation was followed by a spotting assay, finally yielding 13 TAM-sensitive genes under the drug-induced haploinsufficient condition. For these 13 TAM-sensitive genes, we conducted a comparative analysis of their Gene Ontology (GO) 'biological process' terms identified from other genome-wide screenings of the budding yeast deletion library and the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Several TAM-sensitive genes overlapped between the yeast strains and MCF7 in GO terms including 'cell cycle' (cdc2, rik1, pas1, and leo1), 'signaling' (sck2, oga1, and cki3), and 'vesicle-mediated transport' (SPCC126.08c, vps54, sec72, and tvp15), suggesting their roles in the ER-independent cytotoxic effects of TAM. We recently reported that the cki3 gene with the 'signaling' GO term was related to the ER-independent antifungal action mechanisms of TAM in yeast. In this study, we report that haploinsufficiency of the essential vps54 gene, which encodes the GARP complex subunit, significantly aggravated TAM sensitivity and led to an enlarged vesicle structure in comparison with the SP286 control strain. These results strongly suggest that the vesicle-mediated transport process might be another action mechanism of the ER-independent antifungal or cytotoxic effects of TAM.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2021

이 연구에서는 기존 중공재의 형상을 개선한 거푸집용 중공슬래브를 개발하였고, 개발된 VPS를 활용하여 휨 및 전단 실험을 수행하여 그 성능을 평가하였다. VPS의 휨 성능 실험 결과, FPS 계열 실험체의 경우 항복 하중 값은 FPS-00 실험체 대비 약 97.5%를 나타내고 있어 항복하중 값에는 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, FNS계열 실험체도 FPS-00 실험체 대비 약 97%를 나타내어 휨 성능에는 중공재에 의한 영향이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 슬래브 시스템을 VPS로 슬래브 설계에 적용할 때 건축구조기준의 설계식으로 적용하는데 문제가 없을 것으로 판단된다. VPS의 전단 성능 실험 결과, SS-00 실험체 대비 약 92%로 나타나 SS-00 실험체에 비하여 다소 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 전단강도 식이 콘크리트에 의한 전단력과 철근에 의한 전단력의 합으로 표현되는 설계 식에 따라 중공재에 의하여 콘크리트 단면이 삭제되었기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 하지만, 휨설계와 동일하게 전단설계에 적용되는 구조체의 내력도 최대하중 값을 기준으로 하는 것이 아니라 항복 하중 값을 기준으로 설계에 적용하게 된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.731-736
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• 2016

No freshness indicator for fish has yet been established. Thus, we investigated changes over time in mackerel quality in an effort to development useful indicators. Fresh whole mackerel Scomber japonicus were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ immediately after capture and quality changes were evaluated every 3 days for a total of 15 days. Whole fish were divided into ventral parts (VPs) and dorsal parts (DPs); we measured the trimethylamine (TMA) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) levels, pH values, and color values in/of these parts. The TMA and VBN levels tended to increase during storage and the TMA changes in VPs were higher than those in DPs. In particular, the VP TMA content attained a maximum of 3.68 mg/100 g at 6 days, and the VBN content attained a maximum of 20.88 mg/100 g at 9 days, suggestive of initial fish spoilage. The pH ranged from 5.99-6.17 over the first 3 days and from 6.17-6.38 from days 6-15. Surface color changes on VPs and DPs were explored. Significant decreases in both VP lightness and yellowness were evident after 3 days. The data suggest that both TMA level and lightness of the color are valuable indicators of freshness in the initial stage of mackerel retail.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.63-78
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• 2011

This study investigates the binding behavior of the Korean anaphor 'caki', which has been regarded thus far as a long-distance anaphor (LDA). Given that even local anaphors can be bound long-distance when they function as exempt anaphors in certain languages (Pollard and Sag 1992; Kim and Yoon 2009a, b), I investigated the binding behavior of LD-bound 'caki', in order to determine whether LD-bound 'caki' differs from LD-bound 'caki-casin' in the same contexts. In the experiment, subjects were required to rate the grammaticality of Korean sentences representing various types of LD binding of 'caki' and to determine whether the sloppy or the strict reading was more prominent in elliptical VPs containing the anaphor. The results are discussed with respect to the typology of LDAs proposed by Cole, Hermon and Huang (2001).

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.349-362
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• 1996

To determine the factors to affect on stone surface porosities produced from hydrogen gas of additional silicone, both putty and syringe type of 7 commercially different additional silicone impression materials(Blend-A-Scon, Correct VPS, Exaflex, Express, Extrude, Provil, Reprosil) were chosen and NewFujirock(GC) was poured into the impressions of detail-reproducing test block at 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after the impression materials had set and 4 specimens were made for each pouring time, each type of impression material, and each consisency and So, 280 specimens were made in total. The number of surface porosities of same area($2826 mm^2$) which were typically caused by hydrogen gas using the stereoscope(X 7.5) by two observers. Comparison of putty-syringe type and among the impression materials are tested by Kruscal-Wallis method and Mann-Whitney method(p<0.05). The results are as follows. 1. The number of porosities decreased as the pouring time of stone was delayed on both putty and syringe type of additional silicone materials. 2. The putty type significantly produced more porosities than syringe type except for the group of Reprosil.(p<0.05). 3. In case of putty type, the number of porosities increased as following order. Reprosil / Blend-A-Scon and Provil / Correct VPS and Extrude / Express and Exaflex. 4. In case of syringe type, Blend-A-Scon and Extrude produced no porosity and Exaflex and Provil at 30 minites, but Express produced porosities even at 60 minutes and the most. Additional silicone impression material releases hydrogen gas, and that fact can make the resulting die stone model useless. So, to minimize these adverse effects, it is desirable not to expose putty type of additional silicone on critical impression surface because putty type has a tendency to produce more porosities than syringe type. And it is important to have sufficient time before pouring the stone on impression because porosities produce less as time passes after setting of impression material. Also, there are differences among 7 additional silicone impression materials, so it is desirable to choose adequate brand of additional silicone for good laboratory work.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제44권8호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 산화된 다공질 폴리실리콘을 이용하여 전계 방출 소자를 제작하여, 각각의 픽셀에 따른 전기적 특성과 형광체의 발광 특성을 조사하였다. 실제 대면적 디스플레이 소자에 적용하기 위해서 PM 방식을 이용해서 소자를 픽셀별로 동작하였고, 상부금속 전극의 어레이에 따른 두께와 폭의 공정조건을 확립하였다. 산화된 다공질 폴리실리콘의 미세 구조를 분석하고, 각각의 픽셀에 따른 전계방출 특성을 조사해 보았다. 상부금속 전극의 두께와 폭에 따른 전자방출 특성을 조사해 본 결과 Ti/pt(2nm/7nm)가 가장 적절한 두께라는 것을 확인 할 수 있었고, 2.5 mm 이상 폭에서 전자방출 효율이 증가하는 모습을 확인 할 수 있었다. 각 픽셀에 따른 소자의 전기적 특성은 픽셀마다 조금씩의 차이는 있지만 거의 동일한 누설 전류와 방출 전류가 나타남을 확인할 수 있었고, 동일한 크기의 효율도 관찰할 수 있었다. 누설 전류와 방출 전류는 시간이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 모습이 나타나긴 하였으나, 모든 픽셀이 거의 동일하게 감소하였다. 각각의 픽셀에 따른 휘도는 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었고, 20 V에서 $700cd/m^2$ 이상의 높은 휘도를 나타내었으므로 실제 디스플레이 소자로도 응용이 가능할 것이다.