• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2016

This paper proposes a low-power range-scaled 14b 30 MS/s pipeline-SAR composite ADC for high-performance CIS applications. The SAR ADC is employed in the first stage to alleviate a sampling-time mismatch as observed in the conventional SHA-free architecture. A range-scaling technique processes a wide input range of 3.0VP-P without thick-gate-oxide transistors under a 1.8 V supply voltage. The first- and second-stage MDACs share a single amplifier to reduce power consumption and chip area. Moreover, two separate reference voltage drivers for the first-stage SAR ADC and the remaining pipeline stages reduce a reference voltage disturbance caused by the high-speed switching noise from the SAR ADC. The measured DNL and INL of the prototype ADC in a $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS are within 0.88 LSB and 3.28 LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 65.4 dB and SFDR of 78.9 dB at 30 MS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of $1.43mm^2$ consumes 20.5 mW at a 1.8 V supply voltage and 30 MS/s, which corresponds to a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 0.45 pJ/conversion-step.

• Language and Information
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-84
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• 2010

The aim of this paper is to propose that a category P is encapsulated within a functional layer above the lexical layer, just like vP containing a lexical VP. As is well known, the category P has long been in the obscure domain of syntactic studies: Marantz (2001) and den Dikken (2003), for example, argue that P is a lexical category, but Emonds (1985), Grimshaw (1991), and Baker (2003), maintain that the category P is functional and is a closed category without its own intrinsic meaning. On the other hand, Zwart (2005) argues that it does have some meaning. Following the works of Svenonius (2003, 2006, 2007), and the spirit of Rizzi's (1997) split CP hypothesis, we elaborate and develop Svenonius' idea of split-pP analysis with detailed schematic representations of the novel examples in English, Korean, and Chinese in this paper. Unlike Svenonius, however, this paper incorporates KP into pP-Shell, which is a substantial simplification. Furthermore, Chinese Localizers that have long been considered as Postpositions are now under the category of Prepositions. This proposal renders an X-bar theoretic consistency over the categorical status of Chinese phrasal structures. In short, the present analysis accounts for inconsistency found in English complex preposition phrase (Quirk, et al, 1972, 1985), Chinese circumposition phrase (Ernst 1988, Liu, 2002) and Korean postposition phrase in a unified and consistent manner. Furthermore, by proposing a finer-grained phrasal architecture for the category P, the controversial status of the category subsides within this analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2005

Differential diagnosis of articulation and resonance problems in the cleft lip and palate speech is required for evaluating various factors contribute to speech problems such as VPI, dental occlusion, palatal fistulae, learning. However, validity of speech stimuli is current issue to evaluate accurately each problem in cleft speech. This study was conducted to investigate speech stimuli using in the clinical setting and review the literatures and articles published 1990 to 2005 for helping develop standardized speech samples. The results were recommendation to evaluate properly velopharyngeal function when conducting a diagnostic evaluation as follows : 1) In identification hypernasality, the speech stimuli should be included low pressure consonants to eliminate effects of nasal emission, compensatory articulation. 2) Speech stimuli should be consist of visual, front sounds to eliminate compensatory articulation and to stimulate easily. 3) Regarding early diagnosis and treatment, speech stimuli need to develop for infants and preschooler. 4) Stimulus length on nasalance scores should be at least 6 syllables. 5) In phonetic context on nasalance scores, /i/ vowel should be take into consideration excluding paragraph. 6) Connected speech stimuli should be developed for evaluating intelligibility and VP function.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2002

The simulator which has a identical geometry with radiotherapy equipments, is a essential equipment to accomplish optimized radiotherapy plan through simulation by using diagnostic low energy X-ray. A Radiotherapy simulator has a combined technology from the therapeutic and diagnostic radiology and needs a periodical test for mechanical and optical properties, X-ray generator, image intensifier of simulator to keep the proper maintenance and radiation safety. Hence, tests were done and classified as i) mechanical and optical parameter for the gantry, collimator, and couch ii) key performance of the X-ray generator such as a kVp, mAs, and timer iii) performance of the image intensifier such as a resolution and contrast for three kinds of simulator, common use in clinic. The above result of tests will be applied to the acceptance test and periodical quality assurance procedure.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.254-260
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• 2007

Alstonia scholaris (Family: Apocynaceae) has been indicated for the treatment of various diseases, one among which is wound healing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the wound healing effect and antioxidant role of Alstonia scholaris leaves in animal models. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alstonia scholaris (EEAS, AEAS respectively) were tested against excision, incision and dead space wound models to evaluate the wound healing activity. In excision wound model, treatment was continued till the complete healing of wound, in incision and dead space wound models, the treatment was continued for 10 days. For topical application, 5% w/w ointment of EEAS and AEAS were prepared in 2% sodium alginate. For oral administration, EEAS was suspended in distilled water using Tween 80 and AEAS was dissolved in distilled water. The wound healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline, collagen and histopathology of granulation tissue. Malondialdehyde level was also estimated to evaluate the extent of lipid peroxidation. AEAS and EEAS significantly promoted wound healing activity in all the wound models studied. Increase in the rate of wound contraction, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline and collagen, decrease in the period for epithelialisation and increased collagenation in histopathological section were observed with EEAS and AEAS treated groups. EEAS and AEAS also significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation. The present study is suggestive that EEAS and AEAS promote wound healing activity.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.111-115
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• 2011

PET/CT(Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) is an examination combining morphological and functional information in one examination. The purpose of this study is to see the lowest CT dose for attenuation correction in the PET/CT maintaining good image quality when considering CT scan dose to the patients. We injected $^{18}F$-FDG and water into the cylinder shaped phantom, and obtained emission images for 3 mins and transmission images(140 kVp, 8 sec, 10~200 mA for transmission images), and reconstructed the images to PET/CT images with Iterative method. Data(Maximum, Minimum, Average, Standard Deviation) were obtained by drawing a circular ROI(Region Of Interest) on each sphere in each image set with Image J program. And then described SD according to the CT and PEC/CT images as graphes. Through the graphes, we got the relationships of mA and quality of images. SDs according to CT graph were 16.25 at 10 mA, 7.26 at 50 mA, 5.5 at 100 mA, 4.29 at 150 mA, and 3.83 at 200 mA, i.e. the higer mA, the better image quality was presented. SDs according to PET/CT graph were 1823.2 at 10 mA, 1825.1 at 50 mA, 1828.4 at 100 mA, 1813.8 at 150 mA, and 1811.3 at 200 mA. Calculated SDs at PET/CT images were maintained. This means images quality is maintained having nothing to do with mA of high and low.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2010

In this study, the correlation among the changes of Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) in the noise and high-contrast resolution and the change of Contrast to noise ratio(CNR) in the low-contrast resolution will be examined to investigate the estimation of image quality according to the type of algorithms. The image data obtained by scanning American Association of Physicists in Medicine(AAPM) phantom was applied to each algorithm and the exposure condition of 120 kVp, 250 mAs, and then the CT number and noise were measured. The MTF curved line of the high-contrast resolution was calculated with Point Spread Function(PSF) by using the analysis program by Philips, resulting in 0.5 MTF, 0.1 MTF and 0.02 MTF respectively. The low-contrast resolution was calculated with CNR and the uniformity was measured to each algorithm. Since the measurement value for the uniformity of the equipment was below ${\pm}$ 5 HU, which is the criterion figure, it was found to belong to the normal range. As the algorithm got closer from soft to edge, the standard deviation of CT number increased, which indicates that the noise increased as well. As for MTF, 0.5 MTF, 0.1 MTF and 0.02 MTF were all sharp algorithms, and as the algorithm got closer from soft to edge, it was possible to distinguish more clearly with the naked eye. On the other hand, CNR gradually decreased, because the difference between the contrast hole CT number and the acrylic CT number was the same while the noise of hole increased.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2014

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the predominant cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The antiviral activity of hederasaponin B from Hedera helix against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a was evaluated in vero cells. In the current study, the antiviral activity of hederasaponin B against EV71 C3 and C4a was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method and western blot assay. Our results demonstrated that hederasaponin B and 30% ethanol extract of Hedera helix containing hederasaponin B showed significant antiviral activity against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a by reducing the formation of a visible CPE. Hederasaponin B also inhibited the viral VP2 protein expression, suggesting the inhibition of viral capsid protein synthesis.These results suggest that hederasaponin B and Hedera helix extract containing hederasaponin B can be novel drug candidates with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against various subgenotypes of EV71.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.229-237
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• 2009

The causative agent for the tunic softness syndrome of the cultured ascidian Halocynthia roretzi from Jan 1999 to Feb 2009 was identified using virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The pathogenicity of the isolated virus MABV UR-1 strain was determined by experimental infection trials. The cytopathic effects was observed in CHSE-214 cell line at a level 5.1% (4/78) in normal ascidian and 1.8% in abnormal ascidian showing tunic softness syndrome signs. MABV gene was detected in 16.8% (18/107) of normal and 13.1% (5/38) of abnormal organisms by PCR. The ratio of MABV isolation and gene detection was similar level in normal and soft tunic diseased ascidian. Based on the VP2/NS junction region sequences, eight strains of virus isolated from ascidian, were included in the same genogroup with MABV which is originally isolated in wide ranges of marine fish and shellfish species. The UR-1 strain caused 60% mortality (36.5% mortality in control group) by immersion infection and 37% mortality (same mortality in control group) in injection infection indicating no significant differences in infected and control groups. These results suggest that ascidian can act as reservoir of the MABV, and this virus is not directly related with the ascidian mortality.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.482-489
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• 2011

In practical design process, designer needs to find an optimal solution by using full factorial discrete combination, rather than by using optimization algorithm considering continuous design variables. So, ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) based on an orthogonal array, i.e. Taguchi method, has been widely used in most parts of industry area. However, the Taguchi method is limited for the shape optimization by using CAE, because the multi-level and multi-objective optimization can't be carried out simultaneously. In this study, a combined method was proposed taking into account of multi-level computational orthogonal array and TOPSIS(Technique for Order preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), which is known as a classical method of multiple attribute decision making and enables to solve various decision making or selection problems in an aspect of multi-objective optimization. The proposed method was applied to a case study of the multi-level shape optimization of lower arm used to automobile parts, and the design space was explored via an efficient application of the related CAE tools. The multi-level shape optimization was performed sequentially by applying both of the neural network model generated from seven-level four-factor computational orthogonal array and the TOPSIS. The weight and maximum stress of the lower arm, as the objective functions for the multi-level shape optimization, showed an improvement of 0.07% and 17.89%, respectively. In addition, the number of CAE carried out for the shape optimization was only 55 times in comparison to full factorial method necessary to 2,401 times.