• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.28.1-28.8
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• 2017

Background: Major amino acids in pig diets are Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp, but little is known about the requirements for the other essential amino acids, especially on odorous compounds and microbial characteristics in feces of growing-finishing pigs. To this end, different levels of amino acid composition added to diets to investigate the effects of amino acid composition on microbial characteristics and odorous compounds concentration. Methods: A total eight (n = 8) barrows (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) with an average bodyweight of $89.38{\pm}3.3kg$ were individually fed diets formulated by Korean Feeding Standards 2007 (old version) or 2012 (updated with ideal protein concept) in metabolism crates with two replication. After 15-day adaptation period, fresh faecal samples were collected directly from pigs every week for 4 weeks and analysed for total volatile fatty acids (VFA), phenols and indoles by using gas chromatography. The nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl method. Bacterial communities were detected by using a 454 FLX titanium pyrosequencing system. Results: Level of VFA tended to be greater in 2012 than 2007 group. Among VFAs, 2012 group had greater (p < 0.05) level of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) than control.Concentration of odorous compounds in feces was also affected by amino acid composition in pig diet. Levels of ammonium and indoles tended to be higher in 2012 group when compared with 2007 group.Concentration of phenols, p-cresol, biochemical oxygen demand, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, however, were lower (P < 0.05) in 2012 treatment group compare to 2007. The proportion of Firmicute phylum were decreased, while the Bacteriodetes phylum proportion increased and bacterial genera includingCoprococcus, Bacillus, and Bacteroides increased (p < 0.05) in 2012 compare to 2007 group. Conclusion: Results from our current study indicates that well balanced amino acid composition reduces odor by modulating the gut microbial community. Administration of pig diet formulated with the ideal protein concept may help improve gut fermentation as well as reduce the odor causing compounds in pig manure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.849-859
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• 2000

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of methane fermentation and lysis effects of pre-treated microalgae. Chemical compositions of microalgae showed that the VS(volatile solid) was 86.1% of TS(total solid), and the protein was 63.5% of VS. These values were higher than those of activated sludge. The cell lysis test of raw microalgae biomass was conducted by many physicochemical methods. presenting that the degree of cell lysis was affected by following order: ultrasonic(100min.), alkali(pH 13), ultrasonic(10min), thermal($120^{\circ}C$), thermal($50^{\circ}C$), and acidic(pH 3) treatment. Methane fermentation with many pre-treated samples was performed, showing that the concentration of acetic acid was the highest. followed by propionic acid, butylic acid and valerie acid among all VFA(volatile fattic acid). In methane production. ultrasonic samples were only more effective than untreated one in total gas and methane productivity. but other samples were less effective. Especially. the alkalic sample had an inhibitation effect on methanogens.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 1985

This experiment was planned to investigate the effects of delayed sealing on fermentation and digestibility of grass silage. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Internal temperature of roll bale silage during storage was $26-28^{\circ}C$ in control, but in delayed sealing it was up to $55^{\circ}C$ by heating with delaying seal. 2. The lactic acid contents was markedly decreased in delayed sealing. $NH_3-N/T-N$ was tended to increase. In the chemical composition of silage, ADIN/T-N, fiber and lignin contents were increased in delayed sealing. 3. Crude protein digestibility was lowered in delayed sealing as compared with control. Fiber digestibility was higher in delayed sealing than in control. 4. The ruminal pH was lowered in delayed sealing. Difference of $NH_3-N$ concentration between control and delayed sealing was not observed. Concentration of total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) was lower and proportion of acetic acid of total VFAs was higher in delayed sealing than in control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1455-1461
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• 2010

Three rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were fed three diets, each with a different synchrony index (SI) (LS: 0.77, MS: 0.81, and HS: 0.83), in order to examine the effect of diet on rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Synchrony index was calculated based on the carbohydrate and crude protein fractions of each ingredient and their degradation rates. Feeding the steers diets with different SIs did not influence dry matter, crude protein, NDF, or ADF digestibility. The concentrations of total and individual VFA in the rumens of steers that were fed the two higher-SI diets were higher than in those fed the low-SI diet (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two higher-SI diets. One hour after feeding, steers on the LS diet had lower ruminal pHs than did those fed the MS or HS diets (p<0.05), and animals on the LS diet generally showed higher ruminal $NH_3$-N levels than did animals on the other diets, with the 4-h post-feeding difference being significant (p<0.05). Steers receiving the LS diet excreted more nitrogen (N) in their urine than did those on the two higher-SI diets (p<0.05), and the total N excretion of those on the LS diet was also higher (p<0.05). Microbial N levels calculated from the concentration of urinary purine derivatives were generally higher when the SI was higher, with the highest microbial protein synthesis being produced by steers on the HS diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, in the current study, ingestion of a synchronous diet by Holstein steers improved microbial protein synthesis and VFA production and decreased total N output.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.453-463
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• 2016

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dicarboxylic acid supplementation, as replacement antibiotics, of on in vitro ruminal parameters and milk yield and milk composition in lactating cows. in vitro treatments were 1) Con (4 g of basal diet), 2) CM (4 g of basal diet + 0.05 ml of monensin), 3) CR (4 g of basal diet + 0.1 ml of dicarboxylic acid) and in vivo treatments were 1) Con (25 kg of basal diet/head/day), and 2) CR (25 kg of basal diet + 5 g of dicarboxylic acid/head/day), respectively. A total 10 lactating dairy cows ($649{\pm}19kg$ average body weight, $99{\pm}65$ average milking days) were divided in to two groups according to mean milk yield and number of days of postpartum. The cows fed a basal diet during adaptation (2 wk) and experimental diets during the treatment periods (4 wk). In the first in vitro experiment, there were no statistical differences between treatments in pH, gas production, and ammonia-N and lactic acid concentration during incubation. However, dry matter digestibility was significantly higher in CR treatment compared to control or CM treatment (P<0.05). Total VFA was tended to higher in CR treatment than those of control and CM treatment (P>0.05). In the second experiment, milk yield was significantly higher in treatment (40.39 kg) compared to control (35.19 kg), (P<0.05). Milk composition and MUN were not changed by dietary supplementing dicarboxylic acid. Therefore the present results reporting that supplementation of dicarboxylic acid might enhance the stabilization of ruminal fermentation and increase the milk yield of lactating cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.607-616
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding a total mixed ration(TMR) of broiler litter(BL) and bakery by-product(BB) with additional BL or rice straw incorporated at 10% of dietary DM as a roughage source on behavior pattern, nutrient intake, digestibility, digestible nutrient intake, ruminal and blood parameters, and N balance of sheep. All the treatment diets were formulated to be isoenergetic[total digestible nutrients(TDN) 66.9%]. Compared with the conventional formulated feed - rice straw feeding system(control), feeding TMR with BL(T1) or rice straw(T2) at 10% of dietary DM resulted in reduced eating, ruminating and total chewing time(P<0.05), similar DM intake, low(P<0.05) digestible DM, OM, fiber and total nutrients intake, low(P<0.05) nutrients digestibilities except EE, similar ruminal characteristics(pH, VFA concentrations and ratios, efficiency of carbohydrate fermentation, NH3-N), and favorable N digestion and retention. There were no differences in the above parameters between T1 and T2 with the exception of increased(P<0.05) eating, ruminating and total chewing time for T2. These results suggested that a TMR of BL and BB with or without rice straw may replace the conventional formulated feed and rice straw in ruminant diets successfully and furthermore feeding the TMR with rice straw made sheep behavior pattern more favorable.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of rumen protected choline on in vitro ruminal fermentation and milk production and its composition in Holstein cows. Experiments were done with three treatment groups, basal diet without any supplement (T1), basal diet+23g/d of mixture of choline and wheat shorts (T2) and basal diet + 25.56 g/d of rumen protected choline (T3). The in vitro ruminal pH and ammonia concentrations were similar for three treatments during all incubation periods except for the in vitro ruminal pH on 3 hr incubation and ammonia concentrations on 9 hr incubation. No significant difference was found in the concentrations of acetate and total-VFA. The propionate and butyrate concentrations were not affected by the rumen protected choline except on 6 hr incubation on which the propionate and butyrate concentrations were intermediate (8.98 mg/dl) and least (3.22 mg/dl), respectively. Higher milk yield and milk fat and lactose were resulted in the rumen protected choline. However, the rumen protected choline did not affect the milk protein, solids not fat, total solids, MUN, somatic cell count. It is concluded that the rumen protected choline can be effective materials to improve the milk production, milk fat and lactose without little change on in vitro ruminal fermentation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.542-549
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• 2015

The bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge was attempted at different applied voltages ranged from 0.2 V to 0.4 V. At 0.3 V of the applied voltage, pH and VFAs were at 7.32 and 760 mg COD/L, respectively, which were quite stable. The methane production rate was $1.32L\;CH_4/L.d$, and the methane content in biogas was 73.8%, indicating that the performance of the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion could be considerably improved by applying a low voltage. At 0.4 V of the applied voltage, however, the contents of the minor VFA components including formic acid and propionic acid were increased. The methane production rate was reduced to $1.24L\;CH_4/L.d$ and the biogas methane content was also reduced to 72.4%. At 0.2 V of the applied voltage, the pH was decreased to 6.3, and VFAs was accumulated to 5,684 mg COD/L. The contents of propionic acid and butyric acid in the VFAs were considerably increased, The performances in terms of the methane production rate and the biogas methane content were deteriorated. The poor performance of the bioelectrochemical reactor at 0.2 V of the applied voltage was ascribed to the thermodynamic potential lack for the driving of the carbon dioxide reduction into methane at cathode.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Adequate forage amounts in ruminant animal are necessary for proper ruminal function in dairy cow. This study was carried out to determine the effect of total mixed fermentation feeds made by different green forage crops and grain processings on chemical compositions, RFV (relative feed value) and ruminal characteristics in sheep. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with 4 replications. The main plot consisted of 6 kinds of green forages (corn, grass, rye, rape, alfalfa and oat) and the sub plots three different grain processings such as non-milling, half milling (7mm mesh over), and regular milling (7mm mesh below). And the different TMFFs (total mixed fermentation feeds) were analyzed for chemical composition and fed to 8 ruminally fistulated sheep for ruminal charactics and palatability. RFV, daily feed intake, acetate/propionate ratio of the rape-TMFFs were higher compared with the other treatment. Ruminal content of VFA (volatile fatty acid) of corn-TMFF was highest as 90.19 mmol% and pH of the feed was lowest as 3.82. But, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were no difference among treatments. In conclusion, the effect of grain proceeding was not appeared but if consider of only RFV, palatability and dry matter disappearance, grade of TMFF was improved in order of rape-, corn-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat- and rye-TMFF.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1354-1360
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of swine slurry wastewater from bogen, in the treatment of Aerobic Liquid-Composting treatment by Aerobic Liquid-Composting using a mixer and Micro Air Diffusion pH level was at the beginning and its rise was seemingly related to VFA. It appears that removal of BOD and COD are more effective by Aerobic than by Anaerobic. In terms of removal efficiency, it shows 70.9% of BOD and 39% of COD in M.A+Mix and 67.8% of BOD and 19% of COD in M.A. $NH_3-N$ decreases in all conditions, which is caused by both the characteristic of nitrogen and the rise of pH. $NO_3-N$ increases in all conditions. It is judged that the accumulation of $NO_3-N$ affects the reduction of the ratio of denitrification. In the result of the analysis of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients, content of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients in aerobic conditions (M.A+Mix) is higher than anaerobic conditions.