• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.392-399
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• 2017

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary proteins as fraction-enriched protein, defined by Cornell net carbohydrates and protein system (CNCPS), on in vivo ruminal fermentation pattern and blood metabolites in Holstein steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing 17.2% crude protein. Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design consumed TMR only (control) and TMR with rapeseed meal (AB1), soybean meal (B2), and perilla meal (B3C). Each protein was substituted for 23.0% of crude protein in TMR. Rumen digesta were taken through ruminal cannula at 1 h interval during the feeding cycle in order to analyze ruminal pH, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Plasma metabolites in blood taken via the jugular vein after the rumen digesta sampling were analyzed. Feeding perilla meal significantly (p < 0.05) decreased mean ruminal pH compared with control and the other protein feeding groups. Compared with control, feeding protein significantly (p < 0.05) increased ruminal ammonia-N concentration except for AB1. Statistically (p > 0.05) similar total VFA appeared among control and the supplemented groups. However, control, AB1, and B2 showed higher (p < 0.05) acetate concentrations than B3C, and propionate was vice versa. CNCPS fractionated protein significantly (p < 0.05) affected concentrations of albumin and total protein in blood; i.e. plasma albumin was lower for control and B2 groups than AB1 and B3C groups. Despite lack of significances (p > 0.05) in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, AB1 and B2 groups were numerically higher than the others.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1100-1106
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of Hatha Yoga exercise on serum leptin and metabolic syndrome factors in obese and menopausal middle-aged women. The subjects were 26 obese women divided into the Hatha Yoga exercise group (n=13), which trained for 16 weeks, and the Control group (n=13). Variables of body composition, serum leptin and metabolic syndrome factors were measured in all the subjects before and after the 16-week Hatha Yoga training. The results of the study in the Hatha Yoga group were as follows: body weight, % fat, BMI, WC, WHR and VFA had significantly decreased, but SMM had increased. HDL-C had significantly increased, but leptin, TC, TG, LDL-C, insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR had decreased. The main variables affecting changes in VFA were % body fat, BMI, WHR, TC, LDL-C, glucose, and HOMA-IR. Therefore, regular and continuous Hatha Yoga exercise was effective in improving body composition, visceral fat and serum lipids. Consequently, Hatha Yoga exercise will be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease caused by obesity in obesew and menopausal middle-age women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.691-698
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• 2019

The patients who visited the Health Promotion Center were compared between the visceral fat area according to CT fat measurement position and the visceral fat area measured by Inbody. In the CT measurement, the visceral fat area measured at the L4-5 and CT Umbilicus positions was not different regardless of gender. In addition, there was no difference between CT visceral fat area and Inbody visceral fat area in the correlation between visceral fat area according to CT measurement position and visceral fat area measured by Inbody. The highly correlated CT measurement position were male L4-5, L5-S1, female L3-4, L4-5, L5-S1, and Umbilicus. In addition, when studying the relationship between the inbody visceral fat area and CT visceral fat area regardless of gender, it is suggested to compare the visceral fat area at the CT L4-5 position.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.125-135
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• 2019

Late-maturing Dark Horse, and early-maturing High Speed oat varieties were seeded on March 3, 2016 and harvested on three periods: May 31, June 10, and June 20 coded as early, mid, and late-harvest, respectively. Dried and ground samples were subjected to chemical analysis to determine nutritional values such as crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrient (TDN). Effective degradability (ED) of nutrients and fermentation characteristics including volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, pH, gas production, and ammonia-N concentration were evaluated through an in vitro digestion method. Varieties of oat hays showed significant difference in terms of nutritional value, ED, and fermentation characteristics. Dark Horse showed higher CP and OM, and lower EE contents than High Speed. Dark Horse also showed higher EDDM (dry matter), NDF, ADF, and OM than High Speed, and although High Speed showed higher pH and ammonia-N, it had lower gas and total VFA production than Dark Horse. However, in terms of harvest period, significant difference was only observed in Dark Horse where early-harvest increased the CP, and late-harvest increased the NDF and OM contents. In addition, early-harvest of Dark Horse increased the EDDM and EDNDF of the forage. Therefore, early-harvest of late-maturing Dark Horse would give better nutrient efficiency than High Speed. Allowing Dark Horse to advance in maturity would decrease its nutrient productivity and efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.741-748
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of total mixed rations (TMR) containing rice grain in an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Three types of grains (corn, wheat, and rice), timothy, and soybean meal (SBM) were used to prepare the experimental TMR: Corn TMR, Wheat TMR, and Rice TMR. The rumen fermentation characteristics of all the experimental TMRs were evaluated by an in vitro anaerobic system using rumen fluid for 24 and 48 h. The digestibility of the nutrients (dry matter [DM], crude protein [CP], and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), pH, ammonia ($NH_3-N$), and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Rice TMR showed a higher DM digestibility than that of the Corn TMR at 48 h (p < 0.05). In all treatments, the CP digestibility was more than 80% at 48 h, but no significant differences were observed among the treatments. The NDF digestibility tended to be the lowest in the Wheat TMR (p = 0.06), and the pH tended to be the lowest in the Rice TMR (p = 0.09) among the treatments for the 48 h incubation. The Wheat TMR had the highest $NH_3-N$ concentration among the treatments (p < 0.01). Rice TMR had a lowest total VFA concentration among the treatments (p = 0.05) at 24 h, but no significant differences were observed at 48 h. Based on this in vitro result, it was considered that a rice grain has the potential to replace conventional grain ingredients when the TMR was formulated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.387-400
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• 2023

Ruminal protozoa, especially entodiniomorphs, engulf other members of the rumen microbiome in large numbers; and they release oligopeptides and amino acids, which can be fermented to ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by amino acid-fermenting bacteria (AAFB). Studies using defaunated (protozoa-free) sheep have demonstrated that ruminal protozoa considerably increase intraruminal nitrogen recycling but decrease nitrogen utilization efficiency in ruminants. However, direct interactions between ruminal protozoa and AAFB have not been demonstrated because of their inability to establish axenic cultures of any ruminal protozoan. Thus, this study was performed to evaluate the interaction between Entodinium caudatum, which is the most predominant rumen ciliate species, and an AAFB consortium in terms of feed degradation and ammonia production along with the microbial population shift of select bacterial species (Prevotella ruminicola, Clostridium aminophilum, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius). From an Ent. caudatum culture that had been maintained by daily feeding and transfers every 3 or 4 days, the bacteria and methanogens loosely associated with Ent. caudatum cells were removed by filtration and washing. An AAFB consortium was established by repeated transfers and enrichment with casamino acids as the sole substrate. The cultures of Ent. caudatum alone (Ec) and AAFB alone (AAFB) and the co-culture of Ent. caudatum and AAFB (Ec + AAFB) were set up in three replicates and incubated at 39℃ for 72 h. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) and fiber (NDF), VFA profiles, ammonia concentrations, pH, and microscopic counts of Ent. caudatum were compared among the three cultures. The co-culture of AAFB and Ent. caudatum enhanced DM degradation, VFA production, and Ent. caudatum cell counts; conversely, it decreased acetate: propionate ratio although the total bacterial abundance was similar between Ec and the Ec + AAFB co-culture after 24 h incubation. The ammonia production and relative abundance of C. aminophilum and P. anaerobius did not differ between AAFB alone and the Ec + AAFB co-culture. Our results indicate that Ent. caudatum and AAFB could have a mutualistic interaction that benefited each other, but their interactions were complex and might not increase ammoniagenesis. Further research should examine how such interactions affect the population dynamics of AAFB.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.397-397
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• 2022

오늘날 급격한 인구증가 및 도시화로 인해 음식물류 폐기물 발생량이 크게 증가하였으며, 음식물류 폐기물에서 발생되는 음폐수의 적절한 처리방안에 대한 관심이 증가하였다. 혐기성 소화(Anaerobic digestion; AD)는 음폐수의 바람직한 처리방법으로 알려졌지만, 긴 처리기간 및 공정 불안정 등의 문제로 개선이 필요하며, 그 중 기존 AD에 보조 반응조를 추가한 보조 미생물전기화학적 혐기성소화(Auxiliary bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion; ABEAD)가 적절한 개선방안으로 제시되었다. 하지만 아직 20 L 이상 용량에서의 연구는 이뤄지지 않았으며, 따라서 본 연구에서는 100 L의 용량에서 ABEAD의 성능향상을 평가하고 규모증가에 따른 성능변화를 비교하였다. 반응조는 AD와 ABEAD로 구성되었다. 유효용량 100 L, 유기물부하율 4 kg/m³/d, HRT 20 days 및 중온소화(35℃) 조건으로 운전하였으며, AD는 기계적 교반, ABEAD는 기계적 교반 및 펌프를 통한 bulk 용액 순환이 이뤄졌다. ABEAD의 전극재질은 SUS304를 사용하였고, 0.4V의 전압을 공급하였다. 성능비교는 pH, 휘발성지방산(Volatile fatty acids; VFAs), 유기물제거율 및 메탄 생성량을 비교해 수행하였다. 실험결과 AD는 pH 및 VFAs가 각각 평균 7.37 및 3,880 mg/L, ABEAD는 각각 평균 7.5 및 2,870 mg/L로 VFAs의 빠른 처리를 통해 공정안전성 향상되었고, 유기물제거율 및 메탄생성량의 경우 AD는 각각 평균 65.8 % 및 85.1 L/d, ABEAD는 각각 평균 76.1 % 및 108.1 L/d로 유기물의 빠른 처리 및 메탄전환이 이루어져 비교적 큰 규모에서도 ABEAD의 성능향상이 나타남을 확인하였다. 또한 이전 소규모 연구들과 비교를 통해 규모에 따른 성능향상폭을 비교했을 때에도 큰 차이가 나지 않는 것으로 판단되며, 따라서 ABEAD는 BEAD 기술의 상용화 및 적용에 적합한 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.283-294
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing concentrates in a forage-based diet on methane emissions of pregnant Hanwoo heifers. Twenty-one pregnant Hanwoo heifers (481 ± 42.4 kg) were divided into two groups: 1) a group receiving forage only (control, CON) and 2) the other group receiving forage with 4 kg of a concentrate mix (treatment, TRT). Methane (CH₄) concentration was measured using a laser methane detector, following an 18-d adaptation period, according to previously established protocols. Feed intake was recorded throughout the experimental period. Ruminal fluid was collected and analyzed for pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), and volatile fatty acid (VFA). The TRT exhibited higher dry matter and neutral detergent fiber intake than CON (p < 0.05) with elevated NH₃-N (p < 0.001) and total VFA concentrations (p = 0.013). The proportions of butyrate, valerate, and iso-valerate were higher in TRT than CON (p < 0.05). Notably, CH₄ concentrations per kg dry matter intake was lower in the TRT group, both from respiration and eructation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing concentrates in a low-quality forage-based diet for pregnant Hanwoo heifers fulfills nutrient requirements and reduces CH₄ emissions, suggesting a potential strategy to reduce environmental impact of Hanwoo production.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.105-113
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• 2003

Successful operation of a reactor can be accomplished when it is operated at proper D depending on the state of degradation. Operation at high D leads to the washout of biomass in the reactor while operation at low D leads to product inhibition due to the accumulation of excess VFA. These appear to limit the production of hydrogen to reach a higher level. Operation by D control was performed to improve the efficiency of hydrogen fermentation of food waste. Although simple organic matters were rapidly degraded in the early stage (day 1-2), proper VFA concentration and pH values were kept in the reactor at D of $4.5d^{-1}$, which was previously reported to be optimum initial D. High butyrate/acetate (B/A) ratios over 3.2 were obtained. Without D control, the reduction of simple organic matters after day 2 caused the decrease of VFA production and the increase of pH. Hydrogen production also decreased, as microbial proliferation was less than microbial loss by washout. However, the reactor performance was dramatically improved at D control from 4.5 to $2.3d^{-1}$. It showed the highest B/A ratios over 2.0 among the reactors on day 4-7. The second hydrogen peak appeared on day 4, resulting in the highest fermentation efficiency (70.8%) among the reactors. It was caused by the enhanced degradation of slowly degradable matters. The COD removed was converted to hydrogen (19.3%), VFA (36.5%), and ethanol (15.0%). Therefore, the strategy using D control, depending on the state of degradation, was effective in improving the efficiency of hydrogen fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2011

The researchers have tried to reduce ruminal methane gas ($CH_4$) and to convert it into beneficial nutrient for several decades. This study was conducted to screen the methane-reducing vegetables among lettuce, hot pepper, spring onion, onion, turmeric, sesame leaf, garlic, radish sprout, leek and ginger nutritiously on the in vitro ruminal fermentation. The heat-treated vegetables at the 10% of substrate (timothy) were used to reduce methane production on the in vitro anaerobic experiment of 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation time. Total gas production, pH, ammonia, $H_2$, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were measured as indicators of in vitro fermentation product containing methane gas. All treatments except garlic showed a tendency to increase in total gas production. The result of ammonia showed that garlic and hot pepper affected rumen bacteria concerned protein metabolism and that lettuce and spring onion increased ammonia production. Garlic decreased $CH_4$ production in inverse proportion to $H_2$. Lettuce, spring onion, onion, garlic, radish sprout, leek and ginger increased propionate of VFA. Garlic balanced the ruminal fermentation in the pH, $H_2$, $CH_4$, acetate and propionate. This results showed that methane production at in vitro study was inhibited by heat-treated garlic supplementation. In conclusion, this study suggests that ruminal fermentation covering methane production might be controled by proper vegetables.