• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.132-143
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to study the influence of cooling milk at 9℃ at the farm versus keeping it at 20℃ on Parmigiano Reggiano cheese lipolysis. Methods: A total of six cheesemaking trials (3 in winter and 3 in summer) were performed. In each trial, milk was divided continuously into two identical aliquots, one of which was kept at 9℃ (MC9) and the other at 20℃ (MC20). For each trial and milk temperature, vat milk (V-milk) and the resulting 21 month ripened cheese were analysed. Results: Fat and dry matter and fat/casein ratio were lower in MC9 V-milk (p≤0.05) than in MC20. Total bacteria, mesophilic lactic acid and psychrotrophic and lipolytic bacteria showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two V-milks. Regarding cheese, fat content resulted lower and crude protein higher (p≤0.05) both in outer (OZ) and in inner zone (IZ) of the MC9 cheese wheels. Concerning total fatty acids, the MC9 OZ had a lower concentration of butyric, capric (p≤0.05) and medium chain fatty acids (p≤0.05), while the MC9 IZ had lower content of butyric (p≤0.05), caproic (p≤0.01) and short chain fatty acids (p≤0.05). The levels of short chain and medium chain free fatty acids (p≤0.05) were lower and that of long chain fatty acids (p≤0.05) was higher in MC9 OZ cheese. The principal component analysis of total and free fatty acids resulted in a clear separation among samples by seasons, whereas slight differences were observed between the two different milk temperatures. Conclusion: Storing milk at 9℃ at the herd affects the chemical composition of Parmigiano Reggiano, with repercussion on lipolysis. However, the changes are not very relevant, and since the cheese can present a high variability among the different cheese factories, such changes should be considered within the "normal variations" of Parmigiano Reggiano chemical characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.123-131
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• 2006

Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading has been the most extensive damage to pile foundations during earthquakes. Several cases of pile failures were reported despite the fact that a large margin of safety factor was employed in their design. In this study, 1-g shaking table tests were performed in order to analyze the failure behavior of piles embedded in liquefied soil deposits by buckling instability. As a result, it can be concluded that the pile subjected to excessive axial loads $(near\;P_{cr})$ can fail easily by buckling instability during liquefaction. When lateral spreading took place in sloping grounds, it was found that lateral loading due to lateral spreading increased lateral deflection of pile and reduced the buckling load. In addition, from the buckling shape of pile, difference between Euler's buckling and pile buckling vat observed. In the case of pile buckling, hinge formed at the middle point of the pile, not at the bottom. And in sloping grounds, location of hinge formation got lower compared with level ground because of the soil movements.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 2004

Background : To evaluate exudative pleural fluid, thoracentesis for microbiological and cytological examination and pleural biopsy by using a Cope needle are traditionally performed. Even after these studies, about 20% of patients remain undiagnosed. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and complications of 2-mm minithoracoscopy instead of blind biopsy in patients with undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion. Method : Fifteen patients with exudative pleural effusion underwent thoracoscopy between April 2002 and August 2003. The indication was undiagnosed pleural effusions after having performed sputum and pleural fluid exami-nations both microbiologically and cytologically. Results : The median age of the patients was 56 years (range 21-77). Pleural effusions were lymphocyte-dominant in 11 patients (73.3%) and neutrophil-dominant in 3 (20.0%). The remaining patient (6.7%) had pleural-fluid eosinophilia. Minithoracoscopic biopsy revealed accurate diagnosis in 14 patients (93.3%), consisting of tuberculous pleurisy in 8 (66.7%), malignant effusions in 4 (33.3%), and parapneumonic effusions in 2 (13.3%). One was diagnosed as having paragonimiasis from thoracoscopic findings and clinical considerations. There was no procedure-associated mortality. There were six cases of new onset fever (40%) and one of pneumothorax (6.7 %). Conclusion : Two-millimeter minithoracoscopy, which is less invasive than conventional thoracoscopy, was an accurate and safe method for undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 2013

The Korean Government introduced a cultural heritage supervision system in January 2010 to control quality and to prevent poor construction. However, cultural heritage related constructions that require supervision, a scope of supervision, supervision cost and placement of supervisors have not been standardized yet. For this reason, standards of supervision for repair works of cultural heritage that reflect the characteristics of small-scale repair works and restoration of cultural heritage are required. Accordingly, this study has suggested standards of supervision works and cost by analyzing the average construction period that is suitable for the characteristics of cultural heritage repair works. In other words, this study has suggested standards of full-time supervision costs by applying the fixed amount-added method (adding direct labor cost, direct expenses, overhead expenses, engineering fee, charges for additional works and VAT) which is the same as the method of calculating supervision costs for public construction projects because a supervisor has to work full time at a construction site to perform supervision if the project is a mid/large-scale cultural heritage repair work. Also, this study has suggested standards of part-time supervision costs for a small-scale cultural heritage repair work and the ways of supervising the construction projects by visiting the project site on important occasions. According to the result of the analysis by applying the forgoing standards of supervision costs for cultural heritage, a full-time supervision cost for cultural heritage repair works is approximately 98% compared to the construction supervision of a public construction project, and a part-time supervision is approximately 158% compared to architectural construction supervision. It is expected that the valuable cultural heritage of Korea will be preserved by controlling quality of cultural heritage repair works through the application of this study result - the standards of supervision costs for cultural heritage repair works - to an actual project.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.812-816
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• 2002

Pericardial effusions result from various conditions such as inflammation, malignancies, open heart surgery and uremia. Recently, video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the management of pericardial effusion and intrathoracic lesions due to its ability to provide outstanding visibility of intrathoracic structures with less pain, superior cosmetic effects, and shorter hospital stay Material and Method: From April 1995 to October 2001, 51 patients received pericardial window operation via either thoracoscopic(Group A, n＝37, m:f＝18:19, mean age＝56.4 yrs)or thoracotomy approach(Group B, n＝14, m:f＝8:6, mean age=58.4 yrs). Result: In group A, the operation time, duration of chest tube insertion, recurrence rate of pericardial effusion, and postoperative hospital stay were 61.2 minutes, 9.3 days, 2.7%, 16.2 days, respectively while in group B these values were 58.4 minutes, 12.2 days, 7.1, and 17.3 days. The number of injections for pain control in group A were 4.2 times, whereas in group B it was 6.3 times. Although there was a tendency for the mean hospital stay and duration of chest tube insertion to be shorter in group A than in group B, these differences did not reach statistical significance. There was also no significant difference in the operation time and recurrence rate between the two groups. Conclusion: The safety and effectiveness of VATS in the management of pericardial effusion is comparable to the open thoracotomy method. It allows for a shorter hospital stay, duration of chest tube insertion, lesser postoperative pain and a smaller skin incision.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1983

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the ecophysiological habitat of natural Sorbus commixta forest at Mt. Seorak. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The Sorbus commixta trees mainly distributed from 900m to 1,500m altitude. In there, the warm index(WI) was about 42$3.2{\times}10^3$ to $9.2{\times}10^3$, cation exchange capacity(CEC) was 13.7 to 19.5mg/100g, N content 0.21 to 0.39%, $P_2O_5$ content was 22.6 to 38.7ppm, and pH value was 5.6 to 5.8 respectively. 4. The upper crown trees in Sorbus commixta communities were Abies nephrolepis, Taxus cuspidata, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Quercus${\times}$grosseserrata, Acer mono, Prunus sargentii, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and the under crown trees were Rhododendron brachycarpum, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Thuja olientalis, Corylus heterohpylla, Philadelphus schrenckii, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and Magnolia sieboldii. 5. The stand densities were 1,156 trees/ha at 1,160m and 3,600 trees/ha at 1,300m respectively. The coverages by the DBH basal area were 0.37 at 1,160m and 0.31 at 1,300m respectively, and the vegetation coverages by the crown projection area were 2.04 at 1,160m and 1.61 at 1,300m respectively. 6. The light extinction coefficient(k) in Beer-Lambert's law, showed the distance, F(z), from top canopy to aboveground, was 0.17. 7. The water relations parameters of Sorbus commixta shoot were obtained by the pressure chamber technique. The osmotic pressure, ${\pi}_o$, at maximum turgor was -16.2 bar, and VAT pressure was 14.5bar. The osmotic pressure, ${\pi}_p$, at incipient plasmolysis was -19.4bar. The relative water contents at incipient plasmolysis were 83.1% ($v_p/v_o$) and 87.1%($v_p/w_s$;$w_s$, total water at maximum turgor). 8. The bulk modulus of elasticity(E) of shoot was about 69.6. The total symplasmic water to total water in shoot was 67.7%, and the apoplastic water to total water was 32.3%.