• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2004

Objective : To compare the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac by using generalized estimating equations (GEE) methodology in the analysis of correlated bivariate binary outcome data in Osteoarthritis (OA) diseases. Methods : A randomized, double-blind, active comparator-controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial was conducted at 5 institutions in Korea with the random assignment of 248 patients aged 35 to 75 years old with OA of the knee and clinical evidence of OA. Patients were enrolled in this study if they had at least moderate pain in the affected knee joint and a score larger than 35mm as assessed by VAS (Visual Analog Scale). The main exposure variable was treatment (SKI 306X vs. Diclofenac) and other covariates were age, sex, BMI, baseline VAS, center, operation history (Yes/No), NSAIDS (Y/N), acupuncture (Y/N), herbal medicine (Y/N), past history of musculoskeletal disease (Y/N), and previous therapy related with OA (Y/N). The main study outcome was the change of VAS pain scores from baseline to the 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. Pain scores were obtained as baseline, 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. We applied GEE approach with empirical covariance matrix and independent(or exchangeable) working correlation matrix to evaluate the relation of several risk factors to the change of VAS pain scores with correlated binary bivariate outcomes. Results : While baseline VAS, age, and acupuncture variables had protective effects for reducing the OA pain, its treatment (Joins/Diclofenac) was not statistically significant through GEE methodology (ITT:aOR=1.37, 95% CI=(0.8200, 2.26), PP:aOR=1.47, 95% CI=(0.73, 2.95)). The goodness-of-fit statistic for GEE (6.55, p=0.68) was computed to assess the adequacy of the fitted final model. Conclusions : Both ANCOVA and GEE methods yielded non statistical significance in the evaluation of non-inferiority of the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac. While VAS outcome for each visit was applied in GEE, only VAS outcome for the fourth visit was applied in ANCOVA. So the GEE methodology is more accurate for the analysis of correlated outcomes.

• 약학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.82-91
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• 1987

The effect of neurotoxic compound 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the change in blood pressure and contractile response of Vas deference by centrally acting agents has been studied in normal and DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats. The treatment of neonatal rats with 6-OHDA (2$\times$100mg, 250mg Kg$^{-1}$s.c) significantly inhibited the antihypertensive and relaxant effects of Vas deference of clonidine(100$\mu\textrm{g}$ Kg$^{-1}$iv.). The simultaneous administration of desipramine with clonidine into neonatal rats decreased the antihypertensive response of clonidine although treated did not affect the relaxative response of Vas deference. Furthermore, the antihypertensive and relaxant responses of clonidine were reduced by the neonatal rats with 6-OHDA regardless of the administration of desipramine. When neonatal rats were administered with 6-OHDA, the development of DOCA-salt hypertension was prevented. These results suggest that 6-OHDA, clonidine and desipramine hada significant effect on the development and the inhibition of central hypertension mediating the central adrenergic neuron due to their affinity to the central nervous system.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.240-248
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of Sihochunggan-tang gagambang in two patients with erythema multiforme which ocurred repeatedly in stress condition.Methods: This case study was conducted in two erythema multiforme(EM) patients who have visited Korean Medicine Clinic. All two patients were treated with Sihochunggan-tang gagambang and acupuncture. VAS(Visual Analogue Scale) score was used to check the subjective change of skin symptoms and itching sense.Results & Conclusions: The VAS score were decreased compared to the initial visit in all two patients in our study. And most skin symptoms and itching sense of two patients were improved. As a result of examining VAS scores and photographs, Sihochunggan-tang gagambang can be effective on EM in two cases in our study.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to report the case mental health of people with disabilities has improved through visit treatment at public health centers. From October 26, 2021 to January 04, 2022, 6 visits were conducted and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Korean version of Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (K-CES-D), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Euro Qol-Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), Modified Barthel Index (MBI) were used to check changes. After Korean Medicine treatments such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture, electromoxibustion, PHQ-9 decreased from 18 to 8, BDI decreased from 22 to 15, K-CES-D decreased from 42 to 21. And VAS decreased from 85 to 50, EQ-VAS increased from 30 to 50. But There was no change in the MBI. Confirmation of improvement in mental health-related indicators of disabled patients through Korean Medicine treatments.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2009

Objectives : To analyze the therapeutic outcomes of back pain modalities in patients with disc herniation according to the change of Magnetic Resonanse Imaging(MRI) whom were treated with herbal medicine, chuna, acupuncture, bee-venom acupuncture. Methods : Clinical outcomes of 35 patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation by MRI examination, treated conservatively, were analyzed according to MRI follow-up change. Patients underwent MRI examaintion at baseline and after 24th week of treatment. Patients are divided into three groups ; improved, unchanged, worsened. 35 patients with lumbar disc herniation were treated with chuna therapy, acupuncture, bee-venom acupuncture once a week and took herbal medicine after a meal two times daily. The patients' clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, 12th week, 24th week by Visual analogue scale(VAS), Oswestry disability index(ODI). Results : 1. MRI follow-up exams on regression of disc herniation resulted on 42.86% of cases by conservative treatment. 2. VAS(low back pain and sciatica) and ODI of disability of daily activities showed significant decrease in "improved" and "unchanged" groups compared to "worsened" group(P<0.05). 3. VAS(low back pain and sciatica) and ODI change after treatment did not show any relationship with MRI follow-up change(P<0.05). Conclusions : This study suggests that "improved" and "unchanged" groups compared to "worsened" group on MRI follow-up in patients with lumbar disc herniation were more effective when treated with herbal medicine, chuna therapy, acupuncture, bee-venom acupuncture. MRI follow-up change does not affect clinical changes in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.51-64
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• 2013

Objectives : This study is performed to develop the oriental medical rating scale of knee pain and to assess its validity. Methods : 250 knee pain patients completed the previously accepted rating scale of knee pain(VAS, WOMAC(pain, function, stiffness), 6 minute walk test(number of steps, distance)) and oriental medical rating scale of knee pain which was developed by Hwang et al at 2012, before and after the 6 weeks acupuncture treatment. Comparing these results, we assessed the validity of oriental medical rating scale. Results : Comparing oriental medical rating scale of knee pain before acupuncture treatment with VAS, WOMAC(pain, function, stiffness) and 6 minute walk test(number of steps, distance), oriental medical rating scale showed correlation with VAS, WOMAC(pain, function, stiffness) and showed the highest correlation with WOMAC(function). Comparing the change of oriental medical rating scale of knee pain after 6 weeks of acupuncture treatment with the change of VAS, WOMAC(pain, function, stiffness) and 6 minute walk test(number of steps, distance) after 6 weeks, change of oriental medical rating scale showed correlation with the change of VAS, WOMAC(pain, function, stiffness) and showed the highest correlation with the change of WOMAC(function). Through factor analysis of oriental medical rating scale items, 4 factors(pain, swelling, deformation of the knee, thermal sense of the knee), 17 items were extracted. Conclusions : Oriental medical rating scale of knee pain reflected the patient's pain, functional limitation and stiffness well. And oriental medical rating scale reflected the patient's functional improvement after the treatment well.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the correlation of the cross-sectional areas(CSA) of paraspinalis(iliocostalis lumborum, multifidus, longissimus thoracis parts lumborum) and psoas muscle and sex, age, change of the VAS(visual analogue scale) and past history of chronic low back pain in patients suffering from HIVD(herniation of intervertebral disc). Methods : Medical records of 140 subjects with HIVD were retrospectively reviewed. The MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) findings on the patients were scanned and analyzed by PiView program to find the paraspinal and psoas muscle CSA and were evaluated by the correlation of sex, age, change of the VAS, and past history of chronic low back pain. Results : There was significant difference between groups in male and female, young-adults age and middle age, middle age and old age, young-adults age and old age. But the correlation of the paraspinal and psoas muscle CSA and past history of chronic low back pain were partially significant. On the other hand, the correlation of the paraspinal and psoas muscle CSA and change of the VAS were not significant. Conclusions : These results suggest that the cross-sectional areas(CSA) of paraspinalis and psoas muscle have relevance to sex and age.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2007

Purpose: To find the correlation between ambient temperature change and the efficacy of acupuncture on the postmenopausal hot flash. Methods: 52 patients entered a randomized clinical trial which was to verify the efficacy of acupuncture on postmenopausal hot flash. Participants were treated with optimal/minimal acupuncture in the course of 13 weeks. 34 of 52 visited for the temperature-rising period(Group 1), while 18 of 52 for the temperature-falling period(Group 2), 100mm hot flash VAS and average temperature were taken 18 times from each person. Linear mixed effects model was used to find the correlation between temperature and hot flash VAS score(p-value<0.05). Group1/2, optimal/minimal acupuncture, age, age of menarche, height, weight, percent body fat, BMI, waist-hip ratio, past history of hysterectomy and HRT were also examined. Results: Period of treatment had influence on the hot flash VAS. As time went by, hot flash decreased(p<.0000). Participants who underwent minimal acupuncture showed higher hot flash VAS(p=0.0479) and as waist-hip ratio rose, hot flash increased(p<.0000). As the temperature rose, hot flash VAS score became lower(p=0.0143) and it was because 34 of 52 participants were treated for the temperature-rising period. Group 1/2 had no interrelation with hot flash(p=0.5741). Conclusion: Hot flash diminished as participants were treated with acupuncture, independently of whether the ambient temperature rises or falls.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.135-149
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to observe the effect of Chuna manual therapy on the asymmetrical alignment. Methods : To analyze static structural alignment, posterior inferior ilium deviation(PI), inflare change of pelvis were checked from full spine AP X-ray. And Cobb's angle of spine and height of shoulder girdle were analyzed. To evaluate the pain visual analogue score(VAS) was scored. Chuna therapy treated 8-10 times for 1 month. Results and Conclusions : In 3 cases, VAS was improved significantly. Full spine AP X-ray shows improvement of structural imbalace. Shoulder height difference, cobb's angle, pelvic insufficiency improved considerably. These results suggest that Chuna therapy might be effective for malalignment patients.

• 대한한의정보학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2005

Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate effects of hard board applied to acute low back pain patient by using Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) and Pain Rating Score(PRS). Methods From March. 2005 to October. 2005, 20 cases of acute low back pain were divided into 2 groups in sequence. Control group took a rest on the bed(marble-sponge mattress) and sample group took a rest on the hard board. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) and Pain Rating Score(PRS) were used to assess the change of pain. VAS and PRS were checked 3 times before the treatment, after 3day treatment and 6day treatment. Results 1. After 3day and 6day treatment, there was statistical significance between control and sample group by VAS. 2. After 3day and 6day treatment, there was statistical significance between control and sample group by PRS. Conclusions On treating acute low back pain, it is more effective taking a rest on the hard board than taking a rest on the bed. Further study is needed about effects of hard board applied to acute low back pain patient.