• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2020

We describes V2X technology, a connectivity-based recognition technology that is attracting attention as a key technology for implementing autonomous driving technology, and autonomous communication modules that implement ADAS technology, a sensor-based recognition technology. It also explains the trends in V2X technology standardization centered on IEEE 802.11p, which is a WAVE technology standard based on Wi-Fi/DSRC. Finally, we will discuss the market growth trend of V2X communication modules in the United States, the leading V2X technology module, and the development of technology development trends of major domestic and international companies that are leading the global technology market related to V2X communication modules. V2X and ADAS technologies will be the biggest influence on automotive purchasing decisions. In recent years, V2I mandates have been promoted beyond V2V, mainly in developed countries such as the United States. The related industry needs to focus on the development of information transmission network technology that can support high frequency high efficiency(transmission rate) and sophisticated positioning accuracy beyond conventional vehicle communication.

• Journal of Internet Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.249-264
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• 2020

Cellular (C) setups facilitate the connectivity amongst the devices with better provisioning of services to its users. Vehicular networks are one of the representative setups that aim at expanding their functionalities by using the available cellular systems like Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) as well as the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G)-based functional architecture. The vehicular networks include Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) and Vehicle to Network (V2N), all of which are referred to as Vehicle to Everything (V2X). 5G has dominated the vehicular network and most of the upcoming research is motivated towards the fully functional utilization of 5G-V2X. Despite that, credential management and edge-initiated security are yet to be resolved under 5G-V2X. To further understand the issue, this paper presents security management as a principle of sustainability and key-management. The performance tradeoff is evaluated with the key-updates required to maintain a secure connection between the vehicles and the 5G-terminals. The proposed approach aims at the utilization of high-speed mmWave-based backhaul for enhancing the security operations between the core and the sub-divided functions at the edge of the network through a dual security management framework. The evaluations are conducted using numerical simulations, which help to understand the impact on the sustainability of connections as well as identification of the fail-safe points for secure and fast operations. Furthermore, the evaluations help to follow the multiple tradeoffs of security and performance based on the metrics like mandatory key updates, the range of operations and the probability of connectivity.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.409-411
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• 2011

In Korea, pulmonary surfactant (PS) replacement therapy in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was started in 1991 since when Surfacten$^{(R)}$ was imported from Japan. At the present time, Surfacten$^{(R)}$, Newfactan$^{(R)}$, Curosurf$^{(R)}$, and Infasurf$^{(R)}$ are available in Korea. The governmental health insurance covers the expense for multiple dose treatment since 2002 and the early prophylactic treatment (BW: <1,250 g or GP: <30 wks) since 2011. We undertook a multi-institutional collective study to evaluate the outcomes of PS over past 20 years in Korea (Period-I; 1990/91, P-II; 1996, P-III; 2002, and P-IV; 2007, P-V; 2010). There were 60 RDS neonates with PS treatment in P-I (16 hospitals), 1,179 in P-II (64), 1,595 in P-III (62), 1,921 in P-IV (57), and 3,160 in P-V (72). Decreased mortality rate, defined as the percentage of neonates who died within 28 days of birth, was seen between periods, P-V vs P-I, II, III, and IV (mortality rate: 10.1% vs. 40.0%, 30.0%, 18.7%, and 14.3%). We conclude that PS therapy contributed to improve remarkable outcome in RDS neonates over the last 20 years in Korea. However, more efforts should be made to optimize PS therapy for better outcome. Multiple PS doses for relapse and poor response, early prophylactic use, and better supportive care for pre-term infants are mandatory.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.193-207
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to find out what factors influence the preparation of financial statements in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Vietnamese businesses. The survey included 150 enterprises, including parent companies of state-owned economic groups, parent companies that are listed companies, large-scale public companies that are unlisted parent companies, and enterprises with 100 percent foreign direct investment, that will apply IFRS voluntarily from the year 2022 and switch to the mandatory application from the year 2025 (Ministry of Finance, 2016). The survey was carried out with the help of the Google Form tool, and the data was processed using EFA and regression analysis methods on the SPSS 22.0 software. The findings show, for enterprises in Vietnam, that six factors influence the preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS, ranked in order of influence from high to low: (i) Related party requirements; (ii) Professional qualifications of accountants; (iii) Roles of enterprise managers; (iv) Forms of capital ownership in enterprises, (v) Institutional regulations, and (vi) Operational characteristics of the enterprise. In addition, the study also shows that, for enterprises in Vietnam, the requirements of related parties are an important factor to promote the preparation of the financial statements of enterprises according to IFRS.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 1997

Sanitary landfill is a general method as a final disposal of municipal solid waste(MSW), therefore leachate characteristics are very various as lime goes by because of highly concentrated organic acids are contained non biodegradable COD. So it is hard to abide by the mandatory standards of discharge eventhough applying the physicochemical and biological processes to treat the leachate. The process of treating leachate are determined by the degree of removal and components, but they are highly contained organic materials. It is a removal method to use jointly with the physicochemical process if the hard and fast rule is needed. The critical components of material are COD, ammonia, salts and heavy metals in the case of treating biologically. Biological process is to use metabolism of microorganism, therefore it is a desirable condition which heavy metals are not contained, because they acting as an inhibitor of enzyme. Of these are contained, organic decomposition and synthetic function of microorganisms decrease significantly. Consequently, this research paper lays emphasis on the concentration of heavy metals in leachate and for the purpose of forecasting the factors which are affecting the leaching of metalic waste in some degree, experimented the various reacting conditions. 1. When the concentration of heavy metals in leachate is in comparison with the level eluted after reaction, at pH 7.9 the result of reaction for PCB to CCL scrap showed that Zn, Mn, Cu was more eluted 11.6 times, 340.3 times, and 2,705.5 times respectively than the leachate undiluted solution. 2. At the condition of strong acid pH 4.7, the concentration of heavy metals in EM undiluted solution showed that Zn, Mn, Cu was more eluted 26.5 times, 147.3 times, and 3,656.3 times respectively than leachate undiluted solution. 3. When the ratio leachate to EM was 50 vs 50(V/V%), Mn was more eluted 198.7 times than leachate undiluted solution, but Zn and Cu do not show the meaningful results. 4. The color of landfill leachate was black-brown. And fulvic acid that is main ingredient of NBD COD contained, oxygen of 44~50%. For that reason, I estimated that the level of Zn, Mn, Cu was higher than the case of leachate. 5. COD of leachate from general landfill is difficult to remove. Because the solution of heavy metals is improved by the character of leachate(pH & ingredient of oxygen etc.) hence the Mn, Cu, Zn act as disturbing factor, the biochemical treatment is hard. Therefore the type of PCB & CCL scrap, iron, aluminum contained metals need to previously separate from general wastes as much as possible.