• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.277-286
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• 1999

Pain is a complex perceptual experience that is profoundly influenced by a number of variables, differing in quality as well as in intensity. Therefore we need to understand the actual experience of multiparous women in order to provide basic information for nursing care. The purpose of the study is to explore the experience of labor pain. The data are collected through in-depth interviews of 17 multiparous women in city of Pusan from October 1998 to March 1999. The interviews were conducted 1-2 days after delivery in the admission room. Each interview lasted about 45 minutes on average. Subjects were interviewed one at a time. The interviews were recorded with the consent of the subject. Data were analyzed by means of Giorgi's Phenomenological analysis methods and categorized according to the similarities of its contents. The investigator read the data repeatedly to identify themes and categories. Six categories that were identified were : 1) pain 2) regret 3) acceptance 4) maturity 5) accomplishment 6) newness. Under these categories there were seventeen themes. I. Pain: 1) too dependent on others 2) too painful 3) fear or anxiety from previous painful experience 4) avoidance of pain 5) couldn't control the pain II. Regret : 1) spouse's absence 2) unprofessional attitude of the staff 3) ignorance of other's towards their pain III. Acceptance : 1) took the pain for granted 2) accepted the pain as fate 3) endured the pain IV. Maturity : 1) appreciated the value of life 2) apprehension of parent V. Accomplishment : 1)is over sense of accomplishment 2) grateful the pain VI. Newness : 1) experienced a new feeling 2) quickly forgot the pain. The results of the study will provide basic data for labor pain management.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.98-109
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• 1988

본 연구는 이차 볼테라 필터 계수를 연속적으로 변화시키기 위하여 sequential regression (SER) 방법을 이용한 적응 비선형 디지탈 필터링 알고리즘에 대하여 서술하였다. 일반적으로 SER 방법은 Wiener 필터 이론을 볼테라필터에 직접 적용시킬때 생기는 큰 행렬을 역변환시키기 위하여 사용되었다. 그러나, 본 연구에서는 입력신호가 가우시안일 경우, 최소 자승해를 구하기 위하여 SER 방법을 이용하였다. 이 알고리즘에서, 역변환시킬 행렬의 크기는 일반적 접근 방법보다 작게 되기때문에, 일반적 비선형 시스템 인식 기술보다 본 연구에서 제시한 방법의 계산량이 적다. 본 연구에서 제안한 알고리즘의 성능을 검토하기 위하여 시뮬레이션 결과를 구했다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1975

A study on public health education curriculums of 14 universities located in Seoul city was carried out from Oct. 15 1974 to Nov. 15 1974. The data were obtained from 11 universities bulletins & 3 universities administration officers. The contentments of public health were obtained by the interview with the teaching professors on the syllabuses. The results were as follows: 1. General Public health topics were taught at 4 universities (28.6%) out of 14 universities & 129 departments (25.3%) out of 509 departments. General public health education were taught at 2 universities (28.6%) out of 7 universities with medical school of the colleges of education 2 collages (18.2%) had the public health education in the curriculums. 2. Academic administration of Public health education by universities 2 hrs for 2 credits were allocated at 2 universities (50%), while 4 hrs for 2 credits at the rest universities (50% ), Pubic health education were taught as an essential general education at 4 universities. Public health education were taught in freshman course at 2 universities in senior course at 2 other universities. Text books on public health education were chosen at 2 universities and at other 2 universities, just references were introduced to students. Contents of public health education. In two universities teaching programs of public health were undertaken & in other two universities no particular leaching programs were undertaken. And contents of tuberculosis, V. D. & communicable disease control Pregnancy & delivery, precaution ok post paestum maternal & child health were taught at 4 universities. Contents of health & college students, alcohol tobacco & coffee, chosen of sports were taught at few university. 3. General public health education instructors: The instructors were consisted of 13 men(81.2%) & 3 women (18.8%) Physicians were 11 (68.8%), nurses 2 (12.5%) & others 3(18.7%) Full time instructors were 7 (43.7%) part time instructors 9 (56.3%) Position & organization instructors belong to ; instructors (75.0%) had the teaching position in universities & research workers & others were 3 (18.8%) & medical practitioner was I(6.2%) 4. Public health & home nursing education by general home economic departments. Home nursing & public health were taught as an compulsory general education program in 10 departments 50.5% & as an alternative major course in 7 departments (35.0%) 2 hrs for 2 credits were allocated at 9 departments (45.0%) while eve. 4hrs for 4credits were 8 departments (40.0%).

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Tai chi exercise program on the physical function, self-esteem and social behavior in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Methods: This study utilized a nonequivalent control group with pretest-posttest design. The 45 subjects were recruited from a mental health care facility in D city and randomly assigned either to the experimental group (n=23) or to the control group (n=22). The experimental group participated in the Tai chi exercise program, twice a week for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed with SPSSWIN V. 11.5 program, using $X^2$-test and t-test. Results: After 12 weeks, there were significant differences in flexibility (p=.027), balance (p=.011), self-esteem (p=.005) and social behavior (p=.003) between the experimental and the control groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed the positive effects of Tai-Chi exercise program in patients with schizophrenia. Further studies are required to determine the effects on physical and social variables.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care among paramedic students. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 196 paramedic students in D university college in J city from November 2011 to November 2014. The study instruments included death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care. Data were analyzed by t test, ANOVA, post hoc $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS v. 20.0. Results: According to a stepwise regression on the factors influencing attitudes towards end-of-life care, 80.4% of variance (F=161.360, p<.001) was explained by experience of death, hospices knowledge, disappearance of death anxiety, satisfaction with relationships (${\geq}2$) and student attitude toward end-of-life care. In addition, 44.1% of the variance (F=39.434, p<.001) was explained by experience of death, satisfaction with relationship(${\leq}4$), warning of others about death anxiety, and family attitude towards end-of-life care. Conclusion: The attitude towards end-of-life care was influenced by hospices knowledge and death anxiety in paramedic students. It is necessary to provide training in understanding attitudes towards death anxiety and end-of-life care. An effective educational program should be developed and implemented among paramedic students to improve their awareness of death and anxiety hospices knowledge.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.508-515
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• 2012

이 연구는 프로야구 관람 만족에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인의 규명을 통하여 프로야구 관람률 및 관람 만족을 제고시킴으로써 궁극적으로 건전 여가활동으로서의 관람 스포츠 문화를 정착시키는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 본 연구는 D시에서 열린 2011시즌 6월 14일 프로야구 경기 직접관람자를 모집단으로 설정한 다음 유층집락무선표집법(stratified cluster random sampling method)을 이용하여 표본을 추출하였으며 유효표본 614명을 최종 조사 자료로 활용하였다. 본 연구의 조사도구는 설문지였으며, Wakefield와 Sloan(1995), Hansen과 Gauthier(1989), Jeffrey(1997), Green(1995) 등이 개발하고 김홍설(1999)이 번안하여 사용한 설문지였다. 본 연구는 SPSSPC+ V. 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 상관분석(correlation), 회귀분석(regression)을 실시하였으며 이를 통해 얻어진 연구결과 및 논의를 토대로 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 경기장 요인은 관람만족에 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 관람 비용 요인은 관람 만족에 영향을 미친다. 셋째, 관람 촉진 요인은 관람 만족에 영향을 미친다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2005

Objectives : To help develop strategies to cope with the changes arising from the rapid aging process by predicting the determining factors of intention to actual use of the charged long-term care services for elderly as perceived by the middle aged who play the major role of supports. Methods : Subjects were the parents (men 177, women 507) in their 40s of the students selected from a university of Busan city. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 4 weeks in October 2003 about the knowledge for long-term care service, the intention of actual use, and the preferences about the type of service suppliers. Data analysis was performed with frequency, chi-square test, and t-test using SPSS program (ver 10.0K), along with data mining using decision tree of Enterprise Miner V8.2 by SAS. Results : About half of the subjects (53.7%) had the actual experiences of elderly supports. Intentions to use the charged services were relatively high in home visiting nursing care service (40.1%) and long-term care facilities service (40.4%), and were influenced by previous knowledge about the services. The intentions were stronger in women, those with higher education, and those with greater income levels. Actual elderly supports were mostly (80%) done by women, and the perceived burdens for the supports were bigger in women and those of lower socioeconomic level. Desired charges were about 10,000 won for the bath service, 20,000 won for the rests services per day, and about 500,000 won for the long-term care facilities service per month. From the result of decision tree analysis, the job professionalism was the most important determining factor of intention to actual use of the services with validation as $63{\sim}71%$. Health and welfare mixed type facilities were preferred, and the most important consideration was the level of professionalism. Conclusions : Intention to actual use of the charged services was largely determined by the aspects of time and cost. Polices to increase the number of service suppliers and to decrease the burdens perceived by actual supporters were strongly recommended.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.106-109
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• 2004

A leaf blight disease was found on Ailanthus altissiman growing in the Manchon Mountain Park in Daegu city. When isolated, the causal fungus readily formed sex organs, being homothallic. Oogonia were spherical, 19.5-42.9 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter with an average of 29.4$\pm$4.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Antheridia were amphigynous, round to ovoid, and measured 11.3-15.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ long and 12.5-14.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ wide. Oospores in the oogonia were spherical, 26.1-29.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter. Sporangia that formed in water were spherical to sub-spherical with a conspicuous papilla and measured 19.5-56.6 ${\times}$ 15.6-44.9 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ with an average of 44.0$\pm$8.7${\times}$32.7$\pm$6.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. The mean length/breadth (I/b) ratio was 1.35. Papillae were 3.9-11.7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$l high and 3.9-9.8 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ wide. Sporangia formed slowly on V8 juice agar medium when cultured under fluorescent light at 12-hour alternation. The sporangia that formed on the agar medium were more spherical and measured 26.5-39.0${\times}$23.4-35.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ with an average of 33.6$\pm$3.4${\times}$28.2$\pm$3.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and I/b ratio of 1.19. Disease symptom was repro-duced by artificial inoculation of the healthy plants with the isolate. The causal organism was identified as Phyto-phthora boehmeriae on the basis of its morphological characteristics.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1997

The infection status of anisakid larvae was examined in 290 marine fish of 25 species and in 108 cephalopods of 3 species purchased in Bayuquan region, Yingko city nearby the coast of the Bohai Sea from may to August 1992. A total of 7,327 laivae were collected from 156 fish of 19 species and 8 squids of one species. The 3rd-stage larvae of Anisokis simplex were collected from 121 fish (63..4%) of 15 species (N : 191) and from 8 squids (14.8%) of one species (N : %4), and they were total, 5,992 (81.8%). Out of remaining 1,335 larvae, 154 (2.1%) were classified as Rvnnqscnris type B from 23 fish of 4 species, 1,013 (13.8%) as avnnosccris type C from 79 fish of 13 species, 164 (2.2%) as Hvsterothylacium China type V from 20 fish of 4 species, 3 (0.04%) as Raphinoscnris from 3 fish of 2 species and one was Pseunotewonovc necipiens larva. Key words: Bohai Sea, Anisokinae, larvae , Anisckis, HvsterothWLacium, Thwnnascaris, Raphinqscaris , Pseudoterranova.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2015

ZnO is gathering great interest for large square optoelectrical devices of flat panel display (FHD) and solar cell as a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Herewith, Mg and IIIA (Al, In) co-doped ZnO films were prepared on SLG substrate using RF magnetron sputtering system. The effect of variation of atomic weight % of Mg and ZnO have been investigated. The atomic weight % Al and In are of 3% and kept constant throughout. The numbers of samples were prepared according to their different contents, which are $M_{3%}AZO_{94%}$, $M_{4%}AZO_{93%}-(MAZO)$ and $M_{3%}IZO_{94%}$, $M_{4%}IZO_{93%}-(MIZO)$ respectively. A RF power of 225 W and working pressure of 6 m Torr was used for the deposition at $300^{\circ}C$. All of the two thin film show good uniformity in field emission scanning electron microscopy image. $M_{3%}AZO_{94%}$ thin film shows overall better performance among the all. The film shows the best lowest resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility and Sheet resistance and is found to be are of $8.16{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}cm$, $4.372{\times}10^{20}/cm^3$, $17.5cm^2/vs$ and $8.9{\Omega}/sq$ respectively. Also $M_{3%}AZO_{94%}$ thin film shows the relatively high optical band gap energy of 3.7 eV with high transmittance more than 80% in visible region required for the better solar cell performance.