• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.47-58
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• 2018

PURPOSES : Seoul introduced public bicycles to reduce environmental pollution and create a healthy society. Because the use of bicycles is highly weather dependent, and bicycles are rented by the people, member characteristics and seasonal influences should be considered. This study analyzed bicycle traffic characteristics considering seasonal and member characteristics and highlighted some implications. METHODS : The Yeouido and Sangam districts, which have multiple business districts, were taken as the areas of interest. In order to reflect seasonal and membership characteristics, the traffic volume, time of use, and characteristics of each zone were categorized by season (spring, summer, autumn, winter) and membership type (season, daily, group). In addition, we analyzed the pattern of traffic volume and usage time according to the traffic purpose after separating rental locations into residential, business, subway, and park, reflecting the land characteristics. RESULTS : The results revealed that seasonal characteristics were high for bicycle traffic, time of use, and occupancy rate for park locations in spring and autumn. In terms of membership characteristics, group and daily users appeared as major visitors for park locations, and the trends of commuter pass users showed that bicycle use meets the purpose of introducing public bicycles. CONCLUSIONS : Traffic characteristics differed according to seasonal and membership characteristics. It is necessary to involve and extend the users of the commuter pass. Situations in which commuter pass users cannot function as a group or in which daily users monopolize bicycles (especially near parks, near subway stations, etc.) must be avoided.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.266-276
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• 2012

Salt, one of the main ingredients to make bread, functions differently according to environmental changes such as usage levels and methods. We examined the effects of yeast soaking time in about 8% salt solution on gas production and fermentation rate of dough and characteristics of white bread. Gas retention, related to gas production and fermentation rate, was the best at the 45 min soaking time. And pH of dough was appropriate to the fermentation in the range of 15 to 45 min of soaking time. Volume and specific volume of bread were best in 45 min soaking time(p<0.001), but the hardness of crumb texture analyzed with TA was the hardest among the samples(p<0.001). Brightness of color(L value) was significantly affected by soaking time(p<0.001), but b value was not considered. According to the preference test, the white pan bread made with 45 min soaking time in salt solution was preferred the most.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.95-100
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• 2020

Machines and facilities are physically or chemically degenerated by continuous usage. One of the results of this degeneration is the process mean shift. The representative type of the degeneration is wear of tool or machine. According to the increasing wear level, non-conforming products cost and quality loss cost are increasing simultaneously. Therefore a periodic preventive resetting the process is necessary. The total cost consists of three items: adjustment cost (or replacement cost), non-conforming cost due to product out of upper or lower limit specification, and quality loss cost due to difference from the process target value and the product characteristic value among the conforming products. In this case, the problem of determining the adjustment period or wear limit that minimizes the total cost is called the 'process mean shift' problem. It is assumed that both specifications are set and the wear level can be observed directly. In this study, we propose a new model integrating the quality loss cost, process variance, and production volume, which has been conducted in different fields in previous studies. In particular, for the change in production volume according to the increasing in wear level, we propose a generalized production quantity function g(w). This function can be applied to most processes and we fitted the g(w) to the model. The objective equation of this model is the total cost per unit wear, and the determining variables are the wear limit and initial process setting position that minimize the objective equation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.223-237
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• 2001

Objective : There have not been studies on the oriental medicine research trends and qualitative analysis of Korean oriental medicine articles in Korea, particularly in the oriental medicine area. This study's purpose is to appreciate Korean oriental medicine's research trends and assess the quality of the Korean oriental medical journals' level. This study will help upgrade Korean oriental medical journals. Method : We found 93 stroke-related articles in the Journal of Korean Oriental Medicine, published between 1980(Volume 1) and 2001(Volume 45). We surveyed the institutes involved in each study, and the number of people in each study. We seperated by epidemiological study design, the studies into categories. Campbell and Stanley's study design into 6 categories, statistical methods into 13 categories. Next, we assessed the 41 articles by a checklist, which had 10 categories. The quality score was analyzed by survey variables over the period, which were divided by the date of publication: the 1980s, the first half of the 1990s, second half of the 1990s and 2000s. Results : 46.3% od the studies didn't use statistical methods. 56.1%, were case series studies by classification of epidemiological study design, and 53.6% were one-shot case studies designed by Campbell and Stanley's study design. The quality score was 58.33 point 60 is average. In quality level by Browman GP etc.'s, 83.0% of the studies were included in V levels. But, the quality scores were significant by presence of reviewer system, statistical method's usage, and over the period. Conclusion : The Journal of Korean Oriental Medicine needs to improve the quality its articles. To improve the quality of oriental medicine related articles, the following are necessary: working together, joint work of inter-educational system, strengthening of reviewer system, use of statistical methods, and consulting to the expert of research at the stage of study design.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

Objectives This review aims to analyze the current research trend in the usage of bee venom (BV) acupuncture for spinal diseases. Methods We collected 80 articles on BV acupuncture clinical study for spinal diseases by searching Korean web databases 'Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation', 'Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System', 'Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal' from 1999 to 2018. Results We summarized the most frequent clinical treatment methods of BV acupuncture. 1. Herniated intervertebral disc was treated for 40% and the treated spinal diseases were various. 2. '1:10,000' in the type of BV was chosen for 21%. 3. 29% of studies used 6-7 acupoints per session and 23% of studies used 'BL' as the injection site. 3. The highest volume of injected BV into each acupoint was 0.1 cc for 34% and the highest total volume of injected BV was 1.0 cc for 39%. Conclusions We found the limited evidence on the lack of consensus and detailed description in the reported experimental design. The results in this review suggest that future works should focus on more consistent and systematic study for the reproducible and standardized treatment methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2021

Machines and facilities are physically or chemically degenerated by continuous usage. The representative type of the degeneration is the wearing of tools, which results in the process mean shift. According to the increasing wear level, non-conforming products cost and quality loss cost are increasing simultaneously. Therefore, a preventive maintenance is necessary at some point. The problem of determining the maintenance period (or wear limit) which minimizes the total cost is called the 'process mean shift problem'. The total cost includes three items: maintenance cost (or adjustment cost), non-conforming cost due to the non-conforming products, and quality loss cost due to the difference between the process target value and the product characteristic value among the conforming products. In this study, we set the production volume as a decreasing function rather than a constant. Also we treat the process variance as a function to the increasing wear rather than a constant. To the quality loss function, we adopted the Cpm+, which is the left and right asymmetric process capability index based on the process target value. These can more reflect the production site. In this study, we presented a more extensive maintenance model compared to previous studies, by integrating the items mentioned above. The objective equation of this model is the total cost per unit wear. The determining variables are the wear limit and the initial process setting position that minimize the objective equation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.395-408
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• 2023

This study presents a novel method for addressing the issue of high-concentration contaminants (ammonium, phosphate, antibiotics) in leachate arising from decomposing livestock carcasses. Antibiotics, developed to eliminate microorganisms, often have low biodegradability and can persist in the ecosystem. This research proposes design elements to prevent contamination spread from carcass burial sites. The adsorbents used were low-grade charcoal (an industrial by-product), Alum-based Adsorbent (ABA), and Zeolite, a natural substance. These effectively removed the main leachate contaminants: low-grade charcoal for antibiotics (initial concentration 1.05 mg/L, removal rate 73.4%), ABA for phosphate (initial concentration 2.53 mg/L, removal rate 99.9%), and zeolite for ammonium (initial concentration 38.92 mg/L, removal rate 100.0%). The optimal mix ratio for purifying leachate is 1:1:10 of low-grade charcoal, ABA, and zeolite. The average adsorbent usage per burial site was 1,800 kg, costing KRW 2,000,000 per ton. The cost for the minimum leachate volume (about 12.4 m³) per site is KRW 2,880,000, and for the maximum volume (about 19.7 m³) is KRW 4,620,000. These findings contribute to resolving issues related to livestock carcass burial sites and suggest post-management strategies by advocating for the effective use of adsorbents in leachate purification.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2024.07a
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• pp.1081-1087
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• 2024

The construction of 3D Printed Concrete (3DPC) structures, particularly in reinforced concrete, still poses challenges due to constraints in construction methods. Additionally, the unique mixture design of 3DPC typically results in noticeable drying shrinkage. Utilizing short fibers for fiber reinforcement is a reliable approach that may replace reinforcing steel and address the challenge of volume stability. In this study, polypropylene (PP) fibers and polyoxymethylene (POM) fibers were incorporated into the total volume of concrete at additional percentages of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% to printed the specimen. While ensuring printability, various experiment were conducted to evaluate compressive strength, flexural strength, anisotropy, and drying shrinkage,to ensure the impact of fiber type and content on the mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of 3DPC. The results indicate that 3DPC exhibits significant strength loss after fiber addition, with loss percentages approximately ranging from 5% to 55% for compressive strength and 9% to 57% for flexural strength. The extent of loss improves with increasing PP fiber content, while the strength of POM fibers continues to decline with increased usage. Furthermore, significant anisotropy is observed in 3DPC after fiber addition, with compressive strength relations appearing as X > Y ≈ Z in various directions, while flexural strength relations are demonstrated as Y ≈ Z > X. Concerning drying shrinkage, the addition of 1.0% POM fibers proves most effective in inhibiting drying shrinkage, reducing shrinkage by approximately 6% at the age of 56 days. In contrast, the presence of PP fibers, regardless of quantity, adversely affects drying shrinkage.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-193
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• 2007

A theory of the school which attach great importance to moxibustion therapy was more developed from 'Ge Hong(葛洪)', 'Wang Tao(王燾)' up to "BianQueXinShu(扁鵲心書)" of 'Dou Cai(竇材)' in Song Dynasty. The first volume of "BianQueXinShu" was described about the principles of health preserving method, diagnosis, treatment related with meridian system, support Yang theory, moxibustion therapy over the 10 chapters and in the continued 3 chapters, explained the symptoms and related moxibustion therapies. The summary is as follows. The Yang energy is the essence of the human body and it is minutely explained in "Hwangdineijing(黃帝內經)". However, the younger scholars after 'Zhang Zhongjing(張仲景)' held different views with "Hwangdineijing" so they didn't control serious diseases. Supporting the Yang energy, it will be possible to human body in good health and long life and perennial youth and longevity. To do like this, the first important thing is a moxibustion, the second is a Taoist hermit medication(丹藥) and the third is well usage of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata. According to the sequence of Yang energy deficiency, the stages of diseases are classified as Ordinary Gi(平氣), Latter deficient state(微虛), The more deficient state(甚虛), Exhausting state(將脫), Exhausted state(已脫) and in the consideration of each stage, it is used gradually with warm-natured berbs, warm-acrid herbs, warm-heated herbs and moxibustion therapy. If it comes to the stage of Exhausted state, the Yang energy is too weak to treat a disease. Therefore it is easy to harm human body with usage the treatment of the Purgationist school theory or the Cold and cool medical school theory, so it is needed a great attention to use these therapies. To summarized the keynote of 'Du Jae''s moxibustion therapy, the one is a minority of selection of points(1$^{\sim}$2 acupuncture points), the second is a majority of moxibustion units(50$^{\sim}$500 units), and the other is a focused selection of points on spleen and kidney(especially Gwanwon, CC4). And in this book, it was explained concretely about the size of moxibustion, according to the experiment with mentioned size, the burning time of moxibustion was almost 4 min 40 sec, so the big size moxibustion was one of the characteristic of moxibustion therapy revealed in this book. Also it was used 'Suseongsan(睡聖散)' - a kind of analgesic herb complexes - to reduce a pain during the usage of moxibustion therapy in this book. To develop the moxibustion theory, it is more investigated in the future that there wasn't significant relation between Gwanwon(CC4) and spleen and kidney meridian in theory, compared to many used Gwanwon(CC4) in the prescription, where as mentioned the importance of spleen and kidney in treatment, that considering the burning time(1 unit - 4 min 40 sec, 12 units an hour, maximum 288 units a day) there were no guidances about meals, sleeping, stool and urine, and that there was no concrete study about the toxicity of 'Suseongsan' as analgesic moxibustion therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

This study aims to find basic data for using the quantitative assessment of the sustainability and establishing the systematic index of the planning for local cities to consider the environmentally sound and sustainable development. The research designs to review professional responding to surveys preceded by separate questionnaires and interviews from book reviews, and suggests to make an assessment model of the sustainability for local cities. The research found consequently as follows. Firstly, the research survey items were decides totally 52, grouped 9 assessmental issues and distributed under 4 assessmental domains for the sustainability from the references of book reviews. Secondly, the research result concentrated on the followings from the professional responding to surveys. 1. A most influent factor is the distribution of animals and plants in a nature domain. The next influent factors are the ratio of mass-transportation systems, the numbers of the species of animals and plants, the acreage of conservative forestry, the numbers of reused water resources, and the usage number of water supply, orderly in the nature domain. 2. A most influent factor is the usage number of synthetic detergents in a pollution domain. The next influent factors are the volume of waste water, the number of registered vehicles, the degree of soil pollution, and the charge of development imposition, orderly in the pollution domain. 3. A most influent factor is the acreage of athletic facilities, in an urban domain. the next influent factors are the acreage of recreational facilities, the number and acreage of cultural assets, the number of cultural facilities, the acreage of landscape conservation area, the charge of cultural asset management, orderly in the urban domain. 4. A most influent factor is the number of waste disposal facilities in a participation domain. The next influent factors are the capacity of reused waste, the usage of synthetic detergents, the ratio of waste water disposal, orderly in the participation domain. 5. A most contributed influent domain to the assessment of the sustainability for local cities is the urban domain. The next influent domains are nature domain, participation domain, and pollution domain, orderly in the contribution of the assessment of the sustainability. But, the pollution domain is little relationship with the sustainability. Therefore, it is clear that the abundant greens and the improved level of culture are dominant influences on the sustainabiligy, as like improving the ratio of roadside trees, the acreage of parks, and enlarging the number of cultural facilities.