• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2021

The main cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). Cervical cancer is reported as a preventable cancer in more than 80% of cases with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Papanicolaou test (Pap test) has been a global strategy to prevent cervical cancer, and recently, HPV test has been reported to be effective against cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. However, pelvic examinations give patients anxiety, discomfort, pain, distress, and psychological stress. HPV test via a urine sample caused less physical and psychological stress and more advantage than the Pap test. Therefore, it is necessary to study the usefulness of the HPV test for easy-to-collect urine samples. A total of 220 samples were collected from a pair of cervical and urine samples from 110 women and only 108 pairs of samples out of 110 were used because 2 cases were not amplified by β-globin. Among 108 pairs of cervical and urine samples, the prevalence of HPV was 37.0% (40/108) in cervical samples, 34.3% (37/108) in urine samples and HR-HPV was 22.2% (24/108) in cervical samples, 18.5% (20/108) in urine samples. In this study, urine samples showed a lower positive rate of HPV than cervical samples. There were many variables that could affect the condition of the urine sample. However, the HR-HPV agreement rate of the cervix and urine samples was 94.44% and the Kappa value was 0.823, which was "almost perfect". Through these results showed the significance of cervical cancer screening using a urine sample. Cervical screening is crucial, as cervical cancer can be prevented in more than 90% of cases. Urine samples collected by non-invasive methods may have the potential advantage of increasing acceptance of cervical cancer screening. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new cervical cancer screening strategy using urine samples through further study based on the results of this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 1991

As chromium in urine remains as oxychromic acid ions, chromium was extracted by using ion pair formed by anion exchanger trioctylamine. then after it is noted whether this TOA-MIBK method is effective or not for the chromium analysis by using flame method of Atomic absorption Spectrophotometric Analysis. The result is as following. 1. Effects of various acids on the extraction of Cr with MIBK including TOA are good in order $NHO_3$, $H_2SO_4$, HCl in distilled water sample and its proper concentration of HCl is 0.2 N. 2. For the analysis of urine sample, the best result can be achieved by following condition. After finished pretreatment adjusted to pH 6.5-7.5 by NaOH and again controlled pH 0.5-0.6 by HCl. 3. Though TOA concentration slightly affects the analytic value, best result is noted in 1-3% concentration. 4. Recovery rates of urine samples made by $0.3mg/l{\cdot}urine$, $0.6mg/l{\cdot}urine$, $0.9mg/l{\cdot}urine$ are shown from 96.7% to 104.8%. 5. Recovery rates of urine samples made by $0.01mg/l{\cdot}urine$, $10.03mg/{\cdot}urine$, $0.05mg/l{\cdot}urine$ are shown from 89.3% to 98.6%.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.1 s.22
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• pp.23-36
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• 2007

Objective : We performed this study in order to investigate the effects of Paljeongsan-gamibang(八正散加味方) on the renal failure. Methods : We injected 8ml/kg of 50% glycerol on the rats. And then administered Paljeongsan-gamibang extract ; 209mg/200g/day to sample group during 3 days and observed the body temperature, urine volume, stool volume and the levels of creatinine, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, Na+, K+, Cl-, threonine, tyrosine in blood and creatinine, glucose, threonine, tyrosine in urine. Results : 1, The sample group administered Paljeongsan-gamibang showed a suppressive effect of body temperature, an improving effect in capability of concentrating urine at convoluted tubule and showed an increasing effect of stool volume. 2. The sample group administered Paljeongsan-gamibang showed a lowering effect in creatinine level in blood and showed an increasing effect in the levels of inorganic phosphorus, Na+, K+, Cl-, threonine and tyrosine in blood. 3. The sample group administered Paljeongsan-gamibang showed an increasing effect in creatinine level in urine and showed a lowering effect in the levels of glucose, inorganic phosphorus, threonine and tyrosine in urine. Conclusions : Conclusively, Paljeongsan-gamibang was recognized to have a curative effect against the damage of rat kidney induced by 50% glycerol, especially to improve the capability of reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.347-368
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• 1994

In order to investigate the effects of Okchunsan (Sample A), Gamiokchunsan (Sample B) and Spinacia oleracea L. (semen: Sample C) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the experimal study was performed on the levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), electrolytes $(Na^+,\;Ka^+,\;Cl^-)$, GOT and GPT in serum, hemoglobin, hematocrit, urine volume, glucose and protein in urine, body weight, liver and kidney weight. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Serum glucose levels were significantly decreased in Sample A. B and C group and serum insulin levels were increaseclin Sample A and B group. 2. Serum total cholesterol levels were recovered as the normal value in Sample A, B and C group and serum triglyceride levels were decreased in Sample A and C group. 3. Serum total protein levels were increased in Sample C group, BUN levels were decreased in Sample A and C group. 4. Serum $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ levels were increased, $K^+$ levels were decreased in Sample A, B and C group. 5. Serum GOT and GPT levels were remarkedly decreased in Sample A, B and C group. 6. Urine volume, urine glucose and protein levels were decreased in Sample A, B and C levles. 7. Body Weight showed a tendancy of increasing in Sample A, B and C group. 8. Levels of serum albumin, hemoglobin, nematocrit, liver and Kidney weight were not significantly changed. According to above results, Okchunsan, Gamiokchunsan and spinacia oleracea L. (Semen) were expected to be applied to the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.566-569
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• 1996

A sensitivity method has been developed for the detection and determination of niflmic acid(NA) in human urine. Samples were extracted with diethylether. Flunixin (FN) was added to the sample prior to extraction as an internal standard. Niflumic acid was converted to its methyl derivative and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography/negative chemical isonization mass spectrometry. Using selected ion monitoring (SIM), the levels of NA down to 5 pg/ml could be detected in 5 ml spiked urine sample. Calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.5 ppm-50 ppm. The recovery of niflumic acid from urine at 40 pg/ml was to be $91.7{\pm}3.8(n=3)$ and the coefficient of variation was 4.1%.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.3444-3450
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• 2013

Three phase hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME), which is faster, simpler and uses a more environmentally friendly sample-preparation technique, was developed for the analysis of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in human urine. For the effective simultaneous extraction/concentration of NSAIDs by three phase HF-LPME, parameters (such as extraction organic solvent, pH of donor/acceptor phase, stirring speed, salting-out effect, sample temperature, and extraction time) which influence the extraction efficiency were optimized. NSAIDs were extracted and concentrated from 4 mL of aqueous solution at pH 3 (donor phase) into dihexyl ether immobilized in the wall pores of a porous hollow fiber, and then extracted into the acceptor phase at pH 13 located in the lumen of the hollow fiber. After the extraction, 5 ${\mu}L$ of the acceptor phase was directly injected into the HPLC/UV system. Simultaneous chromatographic separation of seven NSAIDs was achieved on an Eclipse XDB-C18 (4.6 mm i.d. ${\times}$ 150 mm length, 5 ${\mu}m$ particle size) column using isocratic elution with 0.1% formic acid and methanol (30:70) at a HPLC-UV/Vis system. Under optimized conditions (extraction solvent, dihexyl ether; $pH_{donor}$, 3; $pH_{acceptor}$, 13; stirring speed, 1500 rpm; NaCl salt, 10%; sample temperature, $60^{\circ}C$; and extraction time, 45 min), enrichment factors (EF) were between 59 and 260. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in the spiked urine matrix were in the concentration range of 5-15 ng/mL and 15-45 ng/mL, respectively. The relative recovery and precision obtained were between 58 and 136% and below 15.7% RSD, respectively. The calibration curve was linear within the range of 0.015-0.96 ng/mL with the square of the correlation coefficient being more than 0.997. The established method can be used to analyse of NSAIDs of low concentration (ng/mL) in urine.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.163-172
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• 2019

Methamphetamine (MA) is currently the most abused illicit drug in Korea and its major metabolite is amphetamine (AP). As MA exist as two enantiomers with the different pharmacological properties, it is necessary to determine their respective amounts in a sample. Thus a chiral stationary phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for identification and quantification of d-MA, l-MA, d-AP, and l-AP in human urine. Urine sample ($200{\mu}L$) was diluted with pure water and purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. A $5-{\mu}L$ aliquot of SPE treated sample solution was injected into LC-MS/MS system. Chiral separation was carried out on the Astec Chirobiotic V2 column with an isocratic elution for each enantiomer. Identification and quantification of enantiomeric MA and AP was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection mode. Linear regression with a $1/x^2$ as the weighting factor was applied to generate a calibration curve. The linear ranges were 25-1000 ng/mL for all compounds. The intra- and inter-day precisions were within 3.6 %, while the intra- and inter-day accuracies ranged from -5.4 % to 11.8 %. The limits of detection were 2.5 ng/mL (d-MA), 3.5 ng/mL (l-MA), 7.5 ng/mL (d-AP), and 7.5 ng/mL (l-AP). Method validation parameters such as selectivity, matrix effect, and stability were evaluated and met acceptance criteria. The applicability of the method was tested by the analysis of genuine forensic urine samples from drug abusers. d-MA is the most common compound found in urine and mainly used by abusers.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.396-399
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• 1996

High-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detecction was developed for the determination of theophylline and its metabolites in human urine using ${beta}$-hydroxyethyl theophylline$({beta} -HET)$ as an internal standard. For extraction of urine sample, quality control sample and xanthine-free blank urine were mixed with decylamine (ion-paring reagent) and ${beta}$-HET. After saturation with ammonium sulfate, the mixture was then extracted with organic solvent at pH values of 4.0-4.5. All separations were performed with ion-pair chromatography using decylamine as an ion-pairing reagent and 3mM sodium acetate buffered mobile phase (pH 4.0) containing 1% (v/v) acetonitrile and 0.75 mM decylamine. The detection limits of theophylline, 1, 3-DMU, 1-MU, 3-MX and 1-MX in human urine were 0.17, 0.17, 0.39, 0.19 and 0.19 ${\mu}g$/ml, based on a signal-to-noise ratios of 3.0. The mean intraday coefficients of variation (C.V.s) of each compound on nine replicates were lower than 2.0%, while mean interday C.V.s on three days were lower than 1.6%. All separations were finished within 40miutes.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1394-1397
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• 2020

The urine test used as a basic test method of in vitro diagnosis for health care has been used for a long time to be simple and convenient. The urine test method is using a color that appears depending on the change in the ion concentration that reacts over time buried in the standard color test paper(Strips) with a urine sample applied to some reaction reagents. In this paper, it was proposed a neural network algorithm to obtain a suitable and reproducibility and accuracy classifier suitable for the urine analysis system. The experimental results were compared with the visual colorimetric analysis, and the neural network algorithm showed better results.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.359-368
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• 1999

Background : The purpose of this study was to determine whether cleansing the perineum and urethral meatus and using midstream urine affect the rate of bacterial contamination of urine specimens, and to determine the optimum urine collection method. We studied 41 asymptomatic healthy nursing school students. Women who were menstruating were not excluded from this study. Method : The first and midstream urine samples were collected during consecutive urinationsby each woman. The first sample was not a clean-catch specimen, and the second one was a clean-catch specimen. Both specimens were studied by urinalysis and bacterial culture with standard methods. Results : 41 women met the study criteria and 39 successfully completed the study. None of the urine cultures were positive. 68.3% of the non clean-catch first urine cultures, 53.7% of the non clean-catch midstream cultures, 33.3% of the first clean-catch urine culteres and 30.8% of the midstream clean-catch urine were found to be contaminated. There was a significant difference in the bacterial contamination rates between the first and midstream urine, and the clean-catch and non clean-catch urine(p=0.035, p =0.001 respectively). On urinalysis, 7.3% of the non clean-catch first urine, 7.3% of the non clean-catch midstream urine, 2.6% of the clean-catch first urine and 2.6% of clean-catch midstream urine were found to be above grade 2. Conclusions : According to our results, the bacterial contamination rate was the lowest in midstream and clean catch urine specimens. Threrfore it is recommended that the midstream clean-catch technique is the standard practice for collecting urine specimens for bacterial culture in women.