• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.724-730
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• 1999

Characteristics and enzyme activity comparison was made between urokinase isolated from urine and pro-urokinase separated from CHO(Chinese Hamster Ovary) cell culture broth. Both of purified urokinase and pro-urokinase resulted 54Kd single band in electrophoresis. Urokinase which was proved as a single molecule by gel filtration showed two separated 33Kd and 21Kd bands by 2-mercaptoethanol reduction. Isoelectric forcusing resulted same pl value of 8.6 for both of them. N-terminal amino acid sequence of urokinase after 159th Ile was Ile-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Thr-Thr-Ile-Glu which was different from another N-terminal sequence of Ser-Asn-Glu-Leu-His-Gln-Val-Pro-Ser-Asn. Thrombolytic activities of both of them were propotional to the enzyme concentration. Urokinase showed thrombolytic activities in an short period of reaction time. Pro-urokinase, however, showed high thrombolytic activity for 2 hours or longer period of reaction time.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 1998

Purpose : Renal duplication is a common occurrence, and the range of ureteral and renal anomalies draining the two poles of the duplex kidney leads to a variety of clinical presentations. Method : A series of 61 children with duplicated systems was studied retrospectively who were admitted during last 12years. Results : Of the children $60.6\%$ were accompanied with urologic anomalies that required surgical treatment, and most children initially were presented with urinary tract infection. $42.6\%$ of children were either diagnosed incidentally during evaluation of other non-urologic disease or during follow-up evaluation of abnormal antenatal renal sonogram. Conclusion : From our point view, children with history of abnormal antenatal renal sonogram, or with symptoms such as urinary tract infection, hematuria, abdominal pain should be evaluated radiologially fully to confirm further abnormality and accompanied complications. And routine follow-up using abdominal ultrasonogram, VCUG, and urine culture should be used to prevent and detect early treatable complications.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

Anthers from several lines of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were plated on the semi-solid B$_{5}$, basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D and NAA at two concentrations, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L plus 0.2 mg/L BAP (benzylaminop-urine). Anthers of the most lines on the B$_{5}$ basal medium with 2,4-D showed higher percentages of callus formation than those with NAA. Particularly, in line 45477, highest percentages of callus formation (50%) were observed on B$_{5}$ medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D plus 0.2 mg/L BAP. With 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, two months was sufficient for initiation of callus development. Calli were regenerated into plantlets through embryogenesis onto regeneration medium without any growth regulators. When callus showing yellowish and soft structure was cultured, it yielded green plants at high regeneration rates, The response of anthers in callus induction and plant regeneration was different among lines investigated. Optimal callus induction and plant regeneration could be obtained through manipulating the concentration of growth regulators. Plantlets after transfer to perlite were grown successfully in greenhouse conditions. Anther culture of carrot will be used as a useful breeding tool in future.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2008

Purpose: Urinary tract infections(UTIs) are not uncommon findings in febrile pediatric patients and approximately one third of patients with UTI may have renal scars. This research was intended to establish the relationship between duration of fever and renal scars. Methods: The medical records of 143 patients were reviewed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) fever as defined by an axillary temperature $\geq37.5^{\circ}C$, 2) accurate history of fever duration and the use of antibiotics 3) no previous history of UTI and 4) positive urine culture. We observed whether the longer fever duration could be associated with the development of initial renal defects and subsequent renal scars, increased C-reactive protein(CRP), leukocytosis and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux(VUR). Results: 1) Patients with longer fever duration after antibiotics showed more frequent initial renal defects(P=0.014). However, fever duration before antibiotic use was not associated with the development of initial renal defects(P=0.244). 2) Incidence of renal scar increased with fever duration before antibiotic use(P=0.006) and fever duration after antibiotic use(P=0.015). 3) CRP correlated with the fever duration after antibiotic use(r=0.287, P=0.003). 4) There was no relationships between fever duration and VUR(P>0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that fever duration before/after antibiotic use is significantly associated with the increased development of renal scars in pediatric UTI.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1981

This Study was conducted at Intensive Care Unit of H & S Hospitals from Jan 4 to April 7, 1981 on 14mail & 26female adult patients. Each patient was screened and found to have nonbacteriuria in clean catch specimen before catheterization. Clean catch apecimen through Foley catheter were obtained after 24hours, 48hours and 72hours from catheterization. The result of this study is reviewed in a statistical analysis of percentage ＆ Chi Square test to obtain the following findings. 1) The occurenc of bacteriuria in patients according to duration of indwelling catheter. a. 9.1％ of the patient showed evidence of bacteriuria 24hours post catheterization specimen and 60％ showed 48hours post cathetreization, while 68.4％ of the patient showed evidence of bacteriuria 72hours post catheterization specimen. The occurence of bacteriuria in patients were significant differences at 1％ level between duration of indwelling catheter. b. Mail patients had no infection 24hours post catheterization, 50％ displayed bacteriuria 48hours post catheterization ＆ 62.5％ displayed bacteriuria 71hours post catheterization. 11.1％ of femail patients displayed infection 24hours post catheterization 66.7％ displayed infection 48hours post catheterization and 72.7％ displayed infection 72hours post catheterization. There were significant differences at 1％ level between bacteriuria occurence of mail ＆ femail patients and the duration of insertion. 2) 56％ of those patient who have altered mental state developed bacteriuria, while 40％ of those patient who have alear mental state developed bacteriuria. But there was without statistically any significant difference between patient's mental status. 3) The occurence of bacteriuria with the administration of antibiotics in 36 patient was in 50％. The occurence of bacteriuria without the administration of antibiotics in 4 patients was in 50％. But there was without statistically any significant difference between the administration of antibiotics. 4) The occurence of bacteriuria in patients according to frequency of bladder irrigation. 50％ of those patient who irrigated twice a day developed bacteriuria, 63.6％ of those patient who irrigated once a day developed bacteriuria. The occurence of bacteriuria in patients were significant differences at 1％ level between frequency of bladder irrigation. 5) The occurence of bacteriuria in patients who did perineal care once a day was 58.1％, 22.6％ of those patient who did perineal care twice a day developed bacteriuria. But there was without statistically any signiticant differences between frequency of perineal care. 6) Most frequent bacteria of all bacterial strains isolated by culture of the urine was E. coli(45％). Enterococci & Staphylococcus were 15％ respectively.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.369-375
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• 2015

We investigated the prevalence of fungi isolated from a university-affiliated hospital during 6 years (2006-2011) to provide relevent information for the patient management. The general characteristics of the clinical isolates and gender, age, and type of specimens were analyzed. Among a total of 163,530 requested samples to culture for the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital in the Republic of Korea, 5,387 (3.3%) showd positive results for fungi. The most prevalent isolates were Candida albicans 41.9%, Candida glabrata 15.5%, and Candida tropicalis 14.6%. Total isolates of fungi increased from 526 in 2006 to 1,145 in 2011. They were most commonly isolated from sixties (27.0%) and seventies (26.5%). The most common clinical specimen was urine (44.8%). Males (52.4%) were slightly more than females (47.6%). In the future, a nationwide survey and additional antifungal convergence drugs susceptibility results will provide more useful information.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 1994

Attempts were made to find out nitrogen and phosphorus loads to aquatic environment resulting from feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two different size groups, small and large, were used. The average sizes of small and large tilapia were 65.2 g and 389.2 g respectively, and three kinds of commercial diets were used for each size. The 3 kinds of commercial diets for tilapia contained in average 33.8% crude protein ($5.4\%$ nitrogen) and $1.4\%$ total phosphorus. The load of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured by subtracting the amounts of nutrients retained in the body of fish from consumed nutrients. Sixty, five percentage of total feces was excreted within 24 hours after feeding at $23^{\circ}C$. Nitrogen content in the feces was higher in large fish than small ones. The apparent digestibility of dietary protein for small and large tilapia was $90.0\%$ and $89.7\%$, respectively. Availability of dietary phosphorus for small and large tilapia was $44.7\%\;and\;51.4\%$, respectively. The total load of nitrogen and phosphorus per 1 metric ton of tilapia production was 49.5kg and 6.3kg, respectively, for small ones with feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.4, and 61.3 kg and 13.4kg, respectively, for large ones with the FCR of 1.8. Nitorgen balance appeared that small and large tilapia excreted $7.1\%\;and\;9.9\%$ of consumed nitrogen through fecal-nitrogen and $55.5\%\;and\;62.3\%$ through urine and gills, retaining $37.4\%\;and\;27.8\%$ in the body, respectively. These results show that small fish pollute less than large fish, excreting less and retaining more nutrients in the body.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2012

Background: The prevalence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is steadily decreasing in South Korea. However, PTB is a disease with relatively high mortality and morbidity rates throughout Korea. Although there are many studies and statistics about the risk factors of PTB mortality in many countries, there are only a limited number of domestic papers on this topic. The aim of this study is to determine predictive factors for mortality among in-hospital patients associated with PTB. Methods: From December 2006 to January 2011, we reviewed medical records of 2,122 adult patients diagnosed with tuberculosis at a single tertiary hospital in a suburban area. In this study period, 960 patients were diagnosed with PTB by positive Acid fast bacilli smear and/or mycobacterial culture of the respiratory specimen. We compared the groups of patients deceased and patients discharged alive with PTB. The number of dead patients was 82 (47 males, 35 females). Results: Mortality was significantly associated with increased values of white blood cells (WBC), blood urine nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), numbers of involved lung field, and length of hospitalization. Also, it was associated with the decreased values of hemoglobin, lymphocyte, sodium, albumin, and cholesterol. Furthermore, admission through the emergency department, initial intensive care unit admission, and drug resistant PTB affected mortality in PTB patients. Independent predictors associated with PTB mortality are BUN, initial intensive care unit care, and admission during treatment of tuberculosis. Conclusion: In our study, mortality of pulmonary tuberculosis was related with parameters associated with nutritional status, disease severity at the time of admission, and drug resistance.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2010

Purpose : Hydronephrosis is found about 30% of children with urinary tract infection (UTI). It can be caused by various conditions, although most childhood hydronephrosis is congenital. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between febrile UTI and hydronephrosis. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 183 patients diagnosed as UTI between January 2007 and May 2009 at Korea University Guro Hospital. Inclusion criteria were as followings; 1) fever more than $37.5^{\circ}C$ measured in the axilla, 2) positive urine culture, 3) no history of urinary tract anomaly on antenatal sonography and urinary tract infection. We classified the enrolled children into two groups of patients with hydronephrosis (HN) and those without hydronephrosis (NHN). Results : The 80 patients were HN and 103 patients NHN. Hydronephrosis was found in 58 patients with left kidney, 8 right and 14 both kidneys. Most of hydronephrosis were of low grade. Compared with NHN group, initial renal cortical defects on DMSA scan significantly increased in HN group (HN 37.5%, NHN 16.5%, P<0.05). The incidence of VUR was not different between the two groups (HN 22%, NHN 12.1%). White blood cell counts and C-reactive protein were not different between the two groups. Follow-up DMSA scan (about 6 months later after UTI) showed no difference of renal scarring in both two groups. Conclusion : Our data suggests that hydronephrosis in febrile UTI patients is clinically useful for detecting renal cortical defects, but is not associated with follow-up renal scar.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 1992

Different from 'Seyokwiryang' (歲易爲良 : fallowing as the best method) which was an agricultural technique of ancient China, fertilization of rice fields was already practiced in the end of Koryo age in Korea. 'Bunjongbeob'(糞種法 : fertilizer applicating method on seed) or 'Bunkwabeob' (糞科法 : fertilizer applicating method on each plant) was practiced before green manure of bean crops and 'Bunjeonbeob'(糞田法 : fertilizer practicing method on fields) were done. In the 15th century 'Dojeonbunjeonbeob'(稻田糞田法 : fertilizer applicating method on paddy) in 'Jikseol' was divided the materials to be used into the soil brought from another place, trees, grasses, and the manure. Also, it discribed the fertilization between first plowing and the second, and proper fertilization for particular soil conditions. In case of transplanting techniques, the fertilization practices were specified into nursery and rice fields, and restoration of organic matter was systemized by plowing for cultivation in the reclaimed areas. In the 17th century, through 'Jikseolbo'($\ulcorner$直說補$\lrcorner$), the habitual practice of Kyungsang province was systemized and 'Bunyangsool'(糞壤術 : technique of fertilization) of 'Jodoangkicheo' (早稻秧基處 : rearing fields of early-ripening rice) was completed. Specific things was the manufacturing and utilizing techniques of 'Bunhoe'(糞灰 : mixture of manure and ash), 'Yohoe'(尿灰 : mixture of urine and ash), and additional fertilizers. In the 18 to 19th century, the materials of fertilization were greatly enlarged to recover the waste lands and to support the reinforcement of soil fertility for increasing the system of two cropping a year. Also, 'Jeobunbeob'(貯糞法 : method of manure storage) and additional fertilization were emphasized, and use of wagons for it was emphasized to improve the theory of fertilization and working efficiency. As mentioned above, limitation of fertilizing materials was conquered by 'Dojeonbunyang'(稻田糞壤 : techniques of practicing fertilizers in paddy) and the system of additional fertilization was established. The fertilization methods were improved with 'Jeobunbeob' due to the theory and recognition necessary for high rates of fertilizers.