• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.5 no.3_4
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• pp.47-56
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• 1990

Smoking damages nonsmoker's health who have been exposed to passive smoking as well as smoker's own health. Passive smoking can cause serious health damage to particular groups, such as the old aged, children and pregnant women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between nicotine concentrations in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and urinary cotinine concentrations of nonsmokers exposed to ETS, and to provide basic information related to health risk assessment. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. When 180 cigarrette were smoked during S hours (high concentrations exposure) in 132 m$^3$chamber, mean concentrations of nicotine in ETS showed 263.52 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$${\pm}$51.93. When 45 cigarretts were smoked (low concentrations exposure), it was 69.43${\pm}$8.96 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$. 2. The urinary cotinine concentrations of each times (0, 2.5, 5, 17 and 24 hours) in nonsmokers ranged from 0.27∼12.52 ng/ml in high concentrations exposure and 0.22∼2.28 ng/ml in low concentrations exposure. Mean while the total urinary cotinine concentrations during 24 hours ranged from 11.62∼31.65 ng/ml in high concentrations exposure and 3.45∼5.64 ng/ml in low concentrations exposure. 3. The correlation equation and coefficient between cotinine concentrations in nonsmokers' urine (y) and nicotine concentrations in ETS (x) was y=0.421+0.0171x and 0:875 (p<0.01) respectively, 4. The quantity of nonsmokers' smoking exposure by passive smoking can be assumed as based on the estimation of nicotine concentrations in ETS by measuring cotinine concentrations of nonsmokers' urine.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this survey study is to analysis clinical symptoms and patterns of dementia patients. The results of this study will be used to support development of the oriental herbal medicine for dementia. Methods : Clinical data were collected from 41 dementia patients and 20 aged persons who have no cognitive impairment in 3 sites including 2 hospitals and 1 sanatorium. 'The instrument of oriental medical evaluation for dementia' is used to evaluate clinical symptoms and patterns of all subjects. Results : 1. Subjects of deficiency syndrome patterns were nearly three times more than subjects of excess syndrome patterns. 2. In dementia patient group, the average rate for 4 clinical symptoms, related with treatment principle of clear heat, was 26.9%. 3. The average rate for 4 clinical symptoms, related with condition of urine and feces, was 15.6%. 4. The average rate for 5 clinical symptoms, related with anger, irritation, anxiety and restlessness, was 40.0%. Conclusions : 1. It is needed to develop new herbal medicine for dementia focuing on clear heat, anger, irritation, anxiety, restlessness, and condition of urine and feces. 2. 'The instrument of oriental medical evaluation for dementia' has strong tendency that excessively reflects general geriatric symptoms, related to deficiency syndrome patterns. so, more clinical symptoms of excess syndrome should be added in this tool.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-53
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Akebiae Lignum herbal acupuncture(AL-HA) at $KI_{10}$ in acute nephritis induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in rat. Methods : Rats were divided into 5 groups and 4 groups were injected LPS to induce acute nephritis. Normal group was normal SD rat, LPS group was injected LPS, AL-HA group was treated with AL-HA at $KI_{10}$ three times for a week, needle prick(NP) group with 26 gauge needle and saline group with normal saline. To evaluate the effects of AL-HA at $KI_{10}$ on acute nephritis in rats, WBC, neutrophil in blood, BUN, TNF-${\alpha}$, CINC-1 in serum and urinary volume, total protein in urine, renal MPO were measured and renal tissue was analyzed. Results : AL-HA group significantly reduced WBC, neutrophil in blood, BUN in serum, total protein in urine and renal MPO. And AL-HA group reduced concentration of neutrophil on glomerulus than LPS group in histological analysis. Conclusions : AL-HA at $KI_{10}$ has a therapeutic effect on acute nephritis in LPS stimulated rat. Therefore, it is suggested that AL-HA at $KI_{10}$ may be an useful therapeutics for acute nephritis in clinical field after further researches.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.583-593
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the frequency score of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and concentration of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites in farmers. Methods: The study was conducted in Chungcheongnam-do Province of South Korea. We collected urine samples from 308 farmers from September to December 2017 and May to July 2018. Among them, 17 farmers with urinary creatinine levels outside the normal range were excluded. Information on the frequency of wearing PPE was obtained from the farmers through face-to-face survey. Each frequency of wearing for seven types of PPE was converted into a score and expressed as a total score, which was divided into quartiles. Four types of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites were analyzed using a gas chromatography mass selective detector. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify concentrations of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites affected by the frequency of wearing PPE. Results: The average frequency score of wearing PPE was 8.0. The quartiles of frequency score of wearing PPE were divided as follows: 1st quartile (≤1), 2nd quartile (1-6), 3rd quartile (6-12), and 4th quartile (>12). Compared with subjects with a low frequency score of wearing PPE (reference), subjects with a high frequency score of wearing PPE (4th quartile) had lower concentrations of urinary diethyl phosphate (DEP) (p<0.01) and dialkyl phosphate (ΣDAP) (p<0.05), which is the sum of dimethyl phosphate (DMP), DEP, dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), and diethyl thiophosphate (DETP). Conclusion: Concentrations of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites were associated with frequency score of wearing PPE. Particularly as the frequency score of wearing PPE increased, concentrations of urinary DMP, DEP, DETP, and ΣDAP significantly decreased. The findings of this study can contribute to the management of health effects among farmers working with pesticides.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.323-331
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• 2007

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well known for strong carcinogen. However, the human exposure analysis of PAHs is quite difficult and unreliable because of hard for estimation of actual expose dose. Then urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been a biological marker of exposure to PAHs. The purpose of this study was to investigate total amount from exposure to PAHs soused by indoor occupational exposure, and residence at Seoul metropolitan area and Kyeonggi province in Korea. Thirty-five housewives were included in this study from April 2003 through February 2004. Dietary habit and general characteristics such as age, type of building, existence of passive smoking, period of residence, fuel type for heating and ventilation type were obtained by self administered questionnaire. Urine samples were collected at morning and freeze quickly. Urinary creatinine was measured for converting into 24 hr urine. Concentration of the indoor PAHs was examined by NIOSH method number 5506. Urinary 1-OHP and PAHs were analysed by HPLC. Correlation coefficient between urinary 1-OHP levels and pyrene concentration of indoor air was 0.66 and statistically significant(P<0.01). The difference of urinary 1-OHP level due to dietary habits were not significant. Urinary 1-OHP level of Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter were $0.21{\pm}0.12,\;0.10{\pm}0.17,\;0.16{\pm}0.12,\;0.17{\pm}0.14{\mu}g/g$ cr, respectively. The arithmetic means of urinary 1-OHP for four season tee $0.16{\pm}0.14 {\mu}g/g$ cr. There was a trend that urinary 1-OHP level of residents who dwelling in apartment were higher compared with detached home, Comparison of 1-OHP level between heating by kerosene and LPG, Much higher gas heating type than kerosene type (P<0.05). This result implies that the urinary 1-OHP can be applied as the PAHs exposure indices.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.77-92
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• 2010

Objectives : There has been little known about the Tibetan medicine in the society for Korean medicine. The aim of this study is to review the system of Tibetan medicine and compare with Korean medicine. Methods : The authors investigated several literatures that mentioned Tibetan medicine and organized in physiology, pathology, diagnostics, and treatment. And then, we interpreted the characteristics of Tibetan medicine as well as compared Tibetan medicine with Korean medicine. After that, we analyzed the commons and the differences, and also found out the meaning of Tibetan medicine. Results : The theory of Tibetan medicine is basically constituted of three elements of Lung, Tripa, and Peken in every parts of physiology, pathology, diagnostics, and treatment. Many organs of human body are compared to the fabrications of building. There is a detail explanation about the process of the development of fetus in Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medicine uses taking pulse in wrist, analysis of urine, watching of tongue, sperm, and menstruation, and etc. for diagnosis. In Tibetan medicine, regimen is prior to other treatments such as surgical treatment and medications. Conclusions : There is the oriental thought of '3' in Tibetan medicine, and esoteric buddhism is solved in Tibetan medicine. The anatomy and the diagnostics using urine, sperm, and menstruation have especially been developed in Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medicine emphasizes the feature of preventive medicine.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate zinc and copper metabolism and risk factors of chronic diseases in 20 normal adults women. The daily intake, excretions in urine and feces, and serum levels of zinc and copper were determined by 24-hr food records and chemical analysis. The results were summarized as follows. mean age, body weight and BMI were 22.88 years, 54.65kg and 21.28kg/$m^2$ respectively. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were 1578.84㎉(79% of RDA) and 52.05g (87% of RDA). The zinc and copper intake, excrestion in urine and feces were 7093.23$\mu\textrm{g}$(59% of RDA/2093.87$\mu\textrm{g}$, 203.50$\mu\textrm{g}$/39.87$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 3416.41$\mu\textrm{g}$/857.62$\mu\textrm{g}$, respectively. The serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, zinc and copper were 76.60mg/㎗, 15.66IU/㎗, 160.30mg/㎗, 50.95mg/㎗, 89.80mg/㎗, 89.79mg/㎗, 95.65$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ and 73.28$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ respectively. Dietary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with serum insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. The urinary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with triglyceride. The serum copper level was shown to have significant negative correlations with serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. In summary, Zn consumption of adult women in their normal diet does not meet the Zn requirement for Koreans. Also, intakes of Zn and Cu may effect the glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, to increase the Zn intake and to maintain an appropriate intake ratio of Zn to Cu, nutrition education needs to be implemented.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.26
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• pp.7.1-7.9
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between crude oil exposure and physical symptoms among residents participating in clean-up work associated with the Hebei Spirit oil spill, 2007 in Korea. Methods: A total of 288 residents responded to a questionnaire regarding subjective physical symptoms, sociodemographic characteristics and clean-up activities that occurred between two and eight weeks after the accident. Additionally, the urine of 154 of the respondents was analyzed for metabolites of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. To compare the urinary levels of exposure biomarkers, the urine of 39 inland residents who were not directly exposed to the oil spill were analyzed. Results: Residents exposed to oil remnants through clean-up work showed associations between physical symptoms and the exposure levels defined in various ways, including days of work, degree of skin contamination, and levels of some urinary exposure biomarkers of VOCs, metabolites and metals, although no major abnormalities in urinary exposure biomarkers were observed. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of a relationship between crude oil exposure and acute human health effects and suggests the need for follow-up to evaluate the exposure status and long-term health effects of clean-up participants.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.384-392
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• 2018

Background: A very low protein diet (VLPD) with ketoacid analogs of essential amino acids (KA/EAA) administration can remarkably influence protein synthesis and metabolic disturbances of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), and may also slow the decline in renal function. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out to monitor renal progression and metabolic and nutritional status among 140 patients with CKD stage III or IV. One group (n = 70) was on a low protein diet (LPD) with 0.6 g of protein intake, and another group (n = 70) was on a VLPD with 0.3 g of protein and KA/EAA supplementation of 100 mg/kg/day for 12 months. Results: At 12-month follow-up, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly decreased from $41.6{\pm}10.2$ to $36.4{\pm}8.8mL/min/1.73m^2$ (P < 0.001) and urine protein increased from $0.6{\pm}0.5$ to $0.9{\pm}1.1g/day$ (P = 0.017) in the LPD group, but no significant changes in estimated GFR and urine protein were found in the VLPD plus KA/EAA group. A significant mean difference in rate of change in estimated GFR ($-5.2{\pm}3.6mL/min/1.73m^2$ per year; P < 0.001) was observed between the two groups. After Cox regression analysis, treatment with VLPD plus KA/EAA significantly protected against the incidence of declining GFR > 10% annually (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.79; P = 0.006) and significant correlations were found between using VLPD plus KA/EEA and increased GFR. Conclusion: VLPD supplementation with KA/EAA is associated with delayed renal progression while preserving the nutritional status in the patients with CKD. Co-administration of VLPD and KA/EAA may prove an effective alternative to conservative management of CKD.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between urinary bisphenol A concentration and allergic diseases in children. Methods: This study was conducted in Seoul, South Korea. We collected urine samples from 231 children from a single elementary school in June 2014. Among these, 69 children with urinary creatinine levels outside the normal range were excluded. Information on allergic diseases was obtained from the parents of the children. Urinary bisphenol A was analyzed using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine if allergic disease was affected by urinary bisphenol A concentration. Results: Girls had a significantly higher concentration of urinary bisphenol A than did boys (p<0.05). Children of 10-12 years old had a significantly higher concentration of urinary bisphenol A than did children 7-9 years old (p<0.01). Concentration of urinary bisphenol A was increased from underweight to overweight (p<0.05). As the concentration of urinary bisphenol A was increased by $1{\mu}g/L$ or $1{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, the risks of lifetime symptoms of atopic dermatitis in children was 1.22 times (95% CI; 1.05-1.41) or 1.08 times (95% CI; 1.01-1.15). Conclusion: Concentration of urinary bisphenol A was associated with gender, age, body mass index, and allergic disease. Particularly, urinary bisphenol A concentration was associated with lifetime symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The findings of this study could contribute to the management of health effects among sensitive groups such as children.