• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.87-95
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• 1997

Wool samples were treated by potassium tert-Butoxide(t-BuOK) in anhydrous tert-butanol to remove the bound surface lipid-layer, and the weight loss behaviors in protease solution and dyeabilities of the samples were studies. The C/N ratio of the surface of the t-BuOK-treated wool was shown to be 4.3 from XPS analysis. From SEM pictures any remarkable change in the shape of surface curticle during the proteasw treatment was not observed regardless of prior t-BuOK treatment. Dyeing rate and equilibrium adsorption of Orange II, a typical levelling type acid dye, on wool were not changed by protease or t-BuOK treatment, but those of Milling Cyanine 5R, a typical milling type acid dye, on wool were greatly enhanced by t-BuOK treatment in spite that, from alkali and urea-bisulfite solubilities, no damage on the inner part of wool fiber was expected by t-BuOK treatment.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 1997

Conventional hexavlent chromium electroplating baths deposit the matal at low cathode efficiency and have poor covering and throwing power. The processs also generate hazardous wastes. To overcome many of the disadvantages of hexavalent chromium plating the use of trivalent chromium has advocted. After Yoshida, who first studied trivalent chromium plating, using ammonium sulfate and urea, there are numerous report describing the trivalent chromium electropating process using complexing agents. This study investigaten trivalent chromium plating electrolyte solutious containing formate as a complexing agent and ammouim chloride for conducting agent. The effects of composition and operating conditions on deposits and current efficiencies were investigated in trivalent chromium plating baths by analyzing the relationship pulse conditions and surface morphology The surface morphology of the deposits was observed by SEM. pulse electrolysis has been effective on obtaining a smooth with high current efficiency comparing with D.C. electrolysis in trivalent chromium solution.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.518-528
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• 1992

To determine the optimal conformation of sulfonylureas, the correlation between conformation and hypoglycemic activity of the two sulfonylureas of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide as hypoglycemic agent was studied using an empirical potential function (ECEPP/2) and the hydration shell model in the unhydrated and hydrated states. The conformational energy was minimized from several starting conformations with possible torsion angles in each molecule. The conformational entropy change of each conformation was computed using a harmonic approximation. To understand the hydration effect on the conformation of the molecules in aqueous solution, the contribution of water-accessible volume of each group or atom in the lowest-free-energy conformation was calculated and compared each other. From comparison of the computed lowest-free-energy conformations of two sulfonylureas, it could be suggested that the hydration of sulfonylurea moiety is related to increase the hypoglycemic activity. From the calculation results, it was known that the conformational entropy is the major contribution to stabilize the low-free-energy conformations of two sulfonylureas in unhydrated state. Whereas, in hydrated state, the hydration free energy largely contributes to the total free energies of low-free-energy conformations of tolbutamide and conformational entropy contributes to stabilize the low-free-energy conformations of chlorpropamide. The torsion angles from phenyl ring to urea moiety of the low-free-energy conformations of the two sulfonylureas were shown the nearly regular trend. On the basis of these results, the conformation exhibiting the optimal hypoglycemic activity of sulfonylureas and the binding direction to pancreatic receptor site A could be predicted. Also, according to the side chain lengthening of urea moiety, tolbutamide showed various conformational change. Therefore, steric effect may be important factor in the interaction between sulfonylureas and the putative pancreatic receptor.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.2135-2139
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• 2000

The coagulation of anionic colloidal particles by the cyanoguanidine(CG)-formaldehyde resin has been reported to be caused by an electrostatic interaction of the diaminomethylene urea (DU) cation with an anionic surface charge of particles. In this research, 100~500 nm sized cationic cyanoguanidine-formaldehyde resin was synthesized to coagulate anionic dye wastewater, and the results showed that the less pH of aqueous cyanoguanidine-formaldehyde resin solution was, the higher Zeta potential of that was. In case of coagulating 0.4 g/L reactive dye by cyanoguanidine-formaldehyde resin at pH 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11, COD removal and the percent decolorization of synthetic dye wastewater at pH 3 are higher than those of other pH conditions. The COD removal and the percent decolorization of synthetic dye wastewater were 74% and 90% at 400 ppm, pH 3.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.540-546
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• 2006

Effects of organic and inorganic additives on the SNCR reaction of NOx were investigated in a pilot scale flow reactor with a variation of operating parameters. NOx reduction efficiency increased with the increase of a residence time and an initial NOx concentration. NOx reduction reaction by urea solution started to appear about 850 and then reached to maximum value around $970^{\circ}C$. NOx reduction efficiency also increased with the increase of NSR (Normalized Stoichiometric Ratio) up to 2.0. Addition of ethanol and phenol as an organic additives shifted the optimum temperature window to lower region with decreasing the maximum NOx reduction efficiency. This might be due to the side reaction of hydrocarbon in ethanol structure. NaOH addition widened the temperature window and enhanced the NOx reduction efficiency about 10％ due to the chain reaction of NaOH and the reduction of $N_2O$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the characterization of aerogel made by holocellulose, the thermal properties of the aerogel, and its shapes and porous structures. The aerogel was made by holocellulose through the gelation in alkali hydroxide-urea solution and freeze drying processes. Holocellulose aerogel had porous structure such as net or sponge. The density of holocellulose aerogel was 0.04 g/$cm^3$, and the specific surface area 145.3 $m^2$/g. Although thermal degradation occurred in the range of $210{\sim}350^{\circ}C$, significant thermal degradation occurred at low temperature with low heating rate, Micropore volume was sharply increased with low heating rate. Holocellulose aerogel char obtained by carbonization with $900^{\circ}C$ and $0.5^{\circ}C$/min. heating rate had the highest surface area, 656.7 $m^2$/g. The deformed and irregular structures of holocellulose aerogel chars due to the thermal degradation were observed in SEM.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2000

In order to use Metarhizizmn~ anisopliae as a biological pesticide, effect of envrionmental factors on nlycelial growth, spore formation, and extracellular enzyme activity in culture broth of M. anisopliae DGUM 35001 was determined. Optimal temperature was 26^{\circ}C.$ and optimal pH ranged from 5 to 9. Among the complex media tested, MCM and SDPY media were the most favorable for mycelial growth. When Czapek-Dox agar was used as a mnimal medium, glucose and sucrose among the saccharides were very excellent source of carbohydrate. Among the biopolyners tested. chitin was the most favorable source for mycelial growth and produced high aerial inycelia. Urea and ammonium phosphate as an inorganic nitrogen source and bacto-peptone and soytone as an organic nitrogen source enhanced the mycelial growth When serine as a source of amino acid was supplemented, excellent mycelial growth was shown. Large amount of spores could be obtained from the aerial mycelia of starch medium. When the culture broth was filtrated and then the concentrate with ammonium sulfate was used as a crnde enzyme solution, high enzyme activities of amylase and protease were shown. However, lipase and chitinase activities were comparatively low.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07c
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• pp.2410-2412
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• 2005

In this study, two types of PS substrate were fabricated for sensing of chemical and biological substances. For sensing of the humidity and chemical analyzes such as $CH_3OH$ or $C_2H_5OH$, PS layers are prepared by photoelectrochemical etching of silicon wafer in aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution. To evaluate their sensitivity, we measured the resistance variation of the PS diaphragm. As the amplitude of applied voltage increases from 2 to 6Vpp at constant frequency of 5kHz, the resistance variation for humidity sensor rises from 376.3 to $784.8{\Omega}$/%RH. And the sensitivities for $CH_3OH$ and $C_2H_5OH$ were 0.068 uA/% and 0.212 uA/%, respectively. For biological sensing application, amperometric urea sensors were fabricated based on porous silicon(PS), and planar silicon(PLS) electrode substrates by the electrochemical methods. Pt thin film was sputtered on these substrates which were previously formed by electrochemical anodization. Poly (3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) were used for electron transfer matrix between urease(Urs) and the electrode phase, and Urs also was by electrochemically immobilized. Effective working area of these electrodes was determined for the first time by using $Fe(CN)_6^{3-}/Fe(CN)_6^{4-}$ redox couple in which nearly reversible cyclic voltammograms were obtained. The $i_p$ vs $v^{1/2}$ plots show that effective working electrode area of the PS-based Pt thin film electrode was 1.6 times larger than the PLS-based one and we can readily expect the enlarged surface area of PS electrode would result in increased sensitivity by ca. 1.6 times. Actually, amperometric sensitivity of the Urs/P3MT/Pt/PS electrode was ca 0.91uA/$mM{\cdot}cm^2$, and that of the Urs/P3MT/Pt/PLS electrode was ca. 0.91uA/$mM{\cdot}cm^2$ in a linear range of 1mmol/L to 100mmol/L urea concentrations

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2007

When a football field is constructed using sand medium, the fertilizer management has to be adjusted because of the low nutrient holding capacity and higher leaching rate. The objective of this study was to test the effects of slow release fertilizers on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) growth in simulated sport field rootzones with PVC pipe pots. Data of turfgrass color, uniformity, growth rate, biomass above ground, and the nitrate content in the leaching solution was collected at different growing stages and during four simulated rain fall periods. The result showed that the nutrient release rate of urea was the highest and that of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was the lowest. Effects of the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer lasted 14 days more than other lawn fertilizers and 28 days longer than regular urea with acceptable quality levels of turf. The slow release fertilizer also restrained excessive growth of the grass, reduced the times of mowing. Slow release fertilizer used in this study reduced $NO_3$-N leaching by almost 50% at the beginning of turf establishment.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2019

Decoction of Cocos nucifera husk fibre is used indigenously in Nigeria for malaria treatment. Polyphenols have been identified as the phytochemicals responsible for the antimalarial activity of Cocos nucifera husk fibre, though their toxicity has not been evaluated. The polyphenols of Cocos nucifera husk fibre were therefore evaluated for their effects on selected kidney function indices in mice. Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups (A-E) of ten mice each. Mice in group A were orally administered 5% DMSO solution while those in groups B, C, D and E were orally administered 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/Kg body weight of the polyphenols respectively for seven days. Serum urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations were determined. Serum levels of sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium ions and kidney alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities were also determined. The results showed that the polyphenols significantly reduced (p<0.05) urea concentration at 250 mg/Kg body weight and creatinine concentration at all doses compared to controls. The polyphenols caused no significant alteration (p>0.05) in serum uric acid concentration and kidney ALP, GGT and GDH activities compared to controls. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in serum sodium ion concentration at 31.25, 125 and 250 mg/Kg body weight of polyphenols whereas significant increase (p<0.05) in serum potassium and chloride ions was observed at 62.5 and 250 mg/Kg body weight compared to controls. Thus, polyphenols of Cocos nucifera husk fibre may adversely affect some osmoregulatory functions of the kidney, especially at higher concentrations.