• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 1992

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was fractionated into leaf nutrient concentrate, fiber and deproteinised juice (DPJ). The fresh and fermented DPJs were concentrated and referred to as fresh deproteinised juice concentrate (FDPJC) and fermented deprotenised juice concentrate (FMTD DPJC). The FDPJC and FMTD DPJC were separately mixed with dried fiber and ensiled. Wilted crop silage and fresh fiber silage were also prepared from the same material crop. The nutritive value of these four silages were compared using four goats by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Green crop fractionation resulted lesser amount of crude protein and ash, and higher amount of neurtal detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose in fresh fiber. The pH of fresh fiber silage was lower than that of the other silages. Addition of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC to the dried fiber at ensiling did not improve the silage qualities; but all the silages were satisfactorily preserved. Goats fed these silages showed similar ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. But addition of FMTD DPJC was effective on increasing ruminal acetic acid concentration reducing propionic acid concentration. Ruminal n- and iso- butyric acid concentrations were proportional to that of propionic acid. High ammonia content of the silage containing FMTD DPJC was reflected to the ruminal ammonia concentration, urinary nitrogen excretion and serum urea level of goats. Inclusion of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC added 15 to 25% dry matter to the fiber silages with a little reduction in the digestibilities of most components of the silages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.680-692
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• 2010

This paper gives an overview of the availability, nutritive quality, and possible strategies to improve the utilization of rice straw as a feed ingredient for ruminants. Approximately 80% of the rice in the world is grown by small-scale farmers in developing countries, including South East Asia. The large amount of rice straw as a by-product of the rice production is mainly used as a source of feed for ruminant livestock. Rice straw is rich in polysaccharides and has a high lignin and silica content, limiting voluntary intake and reducing degradability by ruminal microorganisms. Several methods to improve the utilization of rice straw by ruminants have been investigated in the past. However, some physical treatments are not practical because of the requirement for machinery or treatments are not economical feasible for the farmers. Chemical treatments, such as NaOH, $NH_3$ or urea, currently seem to be more practical for onfarm use. Alternative treatments to improve the nutritive value of rice straw are the use of ligninolytic fungi (white-rot fungi), with their extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, or specific enzymes degrading cellulose and/or hemicellulose. The use of fungi or enzyme treatments is expected to be a more practical and environmental-friendly approach for enhancing the nutritive value of rice straw and can be costeffective in the future. Using fungi and enzymes might be combined with the more classical chemical or physical treatments. However, available data on using fungi and enzymes for improving the quality of rice straw are relatively scarce.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2012

We tested the effects of dietary intake of freeze-dried Korean traditional fermented cabbage (generally known as kimchi) with varying amounts of sodium on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), as a control group, received a regular AIN-76 diet, and the SHRs were divided into four groups. The SHR group was fed a regular diet without kimchi supplementation, the SHR-L group was fed the regular diet supplemented with low sodium kimchi containing 1.4% salt by wet weight, which was provided in a freeze-dried form, the SHR-M group was supplemented with medium levels of sodium kimchi containing 2.4% salt, and the SHR-H group was supplemented with high sodium kimchi containing 3.0% salt. Blood pressure was measured over 6 weeks, and cardiac hypertrophy was examined by measuring heart and left ventricle weights and cardiac histology. SHRs showed higher blood pressure compared to that in WKY rats, which was further elevated by consuming high sodium containing kimchi but was not influenced by supplementing with low sodium kimchi. None of the SHR groups showed significant differences in cardiac and left ventricular mass or cardiomyocyte size. Levels of serum biochemical parameters, including blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, sodium, and potassium were not different among the groups. Elevations in serum levels of aldosterone in SHR rats decreased in the low sodium kimchi group. These results suggest that consuming low sodium kimchi may not adversely affect blood pressure and cardiac function even under a hypertensive condition.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2015

Solid materials of ammonia sources with SCR have been considered for the application of lean NOx reduction in automobile industry, to overcome complex problems of liquid urea based SCR. These solid materials produce ammonia gas directly with proper heating and can be packaged by compact size, because of high volumetric ammonia density. Among ammonium salts and metal ammine chlorides, calcium ammine chloride was focused on this paper due to low decomposition temperature. In order to make calcium ammine chloride in lab-scale, simple reactor and glove box was designed and built with ammonium gas tank, regulator, and sensors. Basic test conditions of charging ammonia gas to anhydrous calcium chloride are chosen from equilibrium vapor pressure by Van't Hoff plot based on thermodynamic properties of materials. Synthetic method of calcium ammine chloride were studied for different durations, temperatures, and pressures with proper ammonia gas charged, as a respect of ammonia gas adsorption rate(%) from simple weight calculations which were confirmed by IC. Also, lab-made calcium ammine chloride were analyzed by TGA and DSC to clarify decomposition step in the equations of chemical reaction. To understand material characteristics for lab-made calcium ammine chloride, DA, XRD and FT-IR analysis were performed with published data of literature. From analytical results, water content in lab-made calcium ammine chloride can be discovered and new test procedures of water removal were proposed.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.97-104
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different types of milking instrument and season on milk composition (fat, protein, non-fat milk solids, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count) on Holstein-Friesian lactating cows. Raw milk samples were collected from 20 automatic milking system (AMS) installed dairy farms and 85 conventional milking system (CMS) installed dairy farms. Milk fat, protein, NFMS and MUN contents did not changed between AMS and CMS and different seasons. On the other hand, the average SCC in AMS was $239{\times}10^3cells/mL$ which was lower than in CMS ($373{\times}10^3cells/mL$, (p<0.05). In conclusion, present results indicated that SCC in milk might be influenced by AMS. However, this area needed more study to confirm the reason of reducing SCC content from AMS.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.189-199
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• 2009

The Powder characteristics and sintering behavior of $SiO_2$ coated $BaTiO_3$ were studied. $BaTiO_3$ powders were synthesized by the liquid mix method developed by Pechini, and silica coating was prepared by alkoxide hydrolysis method with TEOS and ethanol. The particle size of the $BaTiO_3$ powders was 35 nm and the thickness of the $SiO_2$ coating layer was 5 nm. As the $SiO_2$ content increased, the $SiO_2$ layers improved the powder dispersion by increasing electrostatic repulsion between the $BaTiO_3$ particles. Effects of MgO coating on microstructure and dielectric properties of $BaTiO_3$ have been studied compared with mechanically MgO mixed $BaTiO_3$. MgO coated $BaTiO_3$ particles were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method using $MgCl_2\cdot 6H_2O$ and urea. MgO coated $BaTiO_3$ exhibited homogeneous microstructure compared with mixed samples. XRD analysis revealed that Mg substitution for the Ti site in the MgO mixed sample was much greater than in the coated one. Electrical properties of MgO mixed and coated $BaTiO_3$ were affected by the diffusion behavior of Mg in $BaTiO_3$ lattice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.769-773
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• 2001

Protein content of okara and soybean were found to be 37.3% and 42.5%, respectively by micro-Kjeldahl analysis. Solubility of okara protein in phosphate buffer (pH 8) was 10% versus soy protein of 68.4%. Insolubilization of okara protein was mostly due to disulfide bonding between cysteine residues caused by excessive heat treatment during soymilk processing: hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bondings were involved to lesser extent. Optimum extraction temperature and time were $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 min. Typical solubility profile of soy protein disappeared for okara protein though minimum solubility of the protein was around pH 3.0. Treating okara with protease was effective in solubilizing okara protein and solubility increased to 19.2%. Optimum reaction temperature and time were $80^{\circ}C$ and 50 min, respectively. Cell wall degrading enzyme did not increase solubility of the protein, however. Through enzymatic reaction okara protein could be effectively solubilized for uses as food ingredient.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.271-282
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• 1996

This study was aimed to observe the effects of municipal sewage sludge as a organic fertilizer on the growth and KDICical omposition of Altari radish (Raphanus sativus). The accumulation rate of heavy metals of the sludge in the radish was also observed. Municipal sewage sludge of Taejon City was applied to the soil of Pai-Chai University Farm to make 6 gradients of sludge contents in the soil. Root weight of Altari radish was affected significantly by N and P contents in the soil. The longest leaves and roots were produced in the control group, in which urea was applied as nitrogen source to the soil. Even though any other sludge-applied groups produced shorter leaves and roots than the control group, the length of the leaves and roots and the weight of the whole plant of the radish tended to increase with the increase of the sludge application. Contents of N, K, Ca and Mg in the radish were not significantly different among those in 6 experimental groups, but P contents in leaves varied among the 6 groups. Zn content of spring Altari radish treated with 200% sludge was 57.6 mg/kg. It is the highest contents among 6 experimental groups. Contents of Zn, Mn and Cd were higher in leaves than in roots, but less than those in market vegetables. From the above results, it is concluded that municipal sewage sludge can be applied as organic fertilizer to the growth of Altari radish. But this sludge could not be applied under our current regulations, which must be reviewed at intra-governmental leavels.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.133-138
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• 2002

A 3-D axisymmetric computer program is developed to predict the NO behavior in SNCR system for the stoker incinerator with the waste treatment capacity, 200ton/day. To this end a turbulent reacting flow field calculation is made using proper assumption and empiricism. The stoker bed is assumed to be a homogeneous waste-volatilized gaseous state. The initial composition or reactants are assumed based on the data of the ultimate analysis. Turbulent is resolved by k-e model and turbulent reaction is handled by eddy-breakup model harmonized with empirical chemistry data for gaseous combustion, NO and urea reaction. The liquid droplet is traced by Lagrangian method incorporated by aerodynamic drag, Coriolis and crntrifugal forces. Radiation is treated by sensible heat loss model. Calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data at the outlet of post combustion chamber in Daejon 4th industrial complex. The flue gas shows the temperature range of $900\sim1000^{\circ}C$, velocity of 5m/s and NO concentration of 140ppm at the exit while the measured temperature, flue gas velocity and NO concentration are $967^{\circ}C$, $3\sim4m/s$ and $100\sim200ppm$respectively. Using the developed computer program a parametric study has been made with the variation of heat content of waste, castable length and SNCR variables for the determination of proper injector location. In general, the calculated results are consistent and physically acceptable.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 2008

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of Wen-Pi-Tang-Hab-Wu-Ling-San (WHW) extract in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced type-1 diabetic rats. Methods : Experimental diabetes were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Two groups of STZ-induced diabetic rats were given the following treatments for 2 weeks by oral Administrations : (1) WHW 10 mg/kg, (2) WHW 100 mg/kg. In addition, vehicle-treated diabetic and nondiabetic controls were used in the experiment. The effects of WHW extract on STZ-induced diabetes were observed by measuring the changes of body weights and the levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine level in sera of rats, respectively. Results : In comparison control group, WHW-treated groups (100 mg/kg) were significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, WHW-treated groups (100 mg/kg) were reduced s-creatinie levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats. In addition, the changes related to diabetic nephropathy with body weight were significantly lower in WHW extract-dosing groups than in the diabetic control. Conclusions : The study thus showed that WHW extract enhanced the anti-diabetic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats by improving the hypoglycemia. It also increased pancreatic insulin content in these rats.