• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of gene polymorphisms and nongenetic factors on the somatic cell score (SCS) in the milk of Holstein (n = 148) and Simmental (n = 73) cows and their crosses (n = 6). Methods: The SCS was calculated by the formula SCS = log₂(SCC/100,000)+3, where SCC is the somatic cell count. Polymorphisms in the casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3), beta-lactoglobulin (LGB), acyl-CoA diacylglycerol transferase 1 (DGAT1), leptin (LEP), fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 6 (AGPAT6) genes were genotyped, and association analysis to the SCS in the cow's milk was performed. Further, the impact of breed, farm, year, month of the year, lactation stage and parity on the SCS were analysed. Phenotype correlations among SCS and milk constituents were computed by Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Only CSN2 genotypes A¹/A² were found to have significant association with the SCS (p<0.05), and alleles of CSN1S1 and DGAT1 genes (p<0.05). Other polymorphisms were not found to be significant. SCS had significant association with the combined effect of farm and year, lactation stage and month of the year. Lactation parity and breed had not significant association with SCS. The phenotypic correlation of SCS to lactose content was negative and significant, while the correlation to protein content was positive and significant. The correlations of SCS to fat, casein, nonfat solids, urea, citric acid, acetone and ketones contents were very low and not significant. Conclusion: Only CSN2 genotypes, CSN1S1 and DGAT1 alleles did show an obvious association to the SCS. The results confirmed the importance of general quality management of farms on the microbial milk quality, and effects of lactation stage and month of the year. The lactose content in milk reflects the health status of the udder.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.43-54
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• 1983

In a field trial, the influence was studied by measurement of growth and leaf yields and chemical composition (in organic cations and anions and total nitrogen) with two nitrogen dressings (lower nitrogen treatment 25kg and higher nitrogen treatment 75kg urea/10a as the summer fertilizer) after the summer cutting. The results were as follows; 1. With increasingn nitrogen dressing, branch length and weight were enchanced. The fresh weight of leaves was higher to be 273.6kg/10a in the higher nitrogen treatment than in the lower nitrogen treatment on 20 September. 2. The moisture content of leaves lasted above 73% until on 30 August. Afterward it decreased sharply upto 63% on 20 September. In higher nitrogen treatment it was higher about 0.1∼1.8% than in lower nitrogen treatment. The increasing nitrogen dressings combined with leaf condition led to be soft until on 10 October. 3. Dry matter weight of leaves started decreasing around on 10 September, whereas that of branches increased until around 30 September indicating that the dry matter moved to branch and root from leaves. 4. The increase in Ca$\^$2+/ content was particularly evident, whereas the K$\^$+/ and Mg$\^$2+/ decreased with growth. The Ca$\^$2+/ content was much higher in the high nitrogen treatment than in the low nitrogen treatment. 5. With rapid decrease in total nitrogen and water in the leaves around the end of August, the Ca$\^$2+/ and Cl$\^$-/ which were higher in the lower part moved up to the upper part. Whereas the K$\^$+/, H$_2$PO$_4$$\^$-/ and SO$_4$$\^$2-/ which were higher in the upper part moved down to the lower part. 6. Total nitrogen content decreased sharply 3,200me/kg DM to 2,000me/kg DM at the end of August changing the maxmium content of total nitrogen from upper to lower part in the low nitrogen treatment on 12 September and in the high nitrogen treatment on 22 September, and an apex of branches was died and fallen 10 days after respectively. 7. The sum of cation in leaves (∑C) increased from 1400me/kg DM to 1600me/kg DM with growth, wherease that of anions (∑A) was approximatly the same during the whole growing season. As the result, the ionic balance (C-A) increased from 1000me/kg DM to 1200me/kg DM. 8. ∑C, ∑A and (C-A) were higher in the high nitrogen treatment than in the low nitrogen treatment due to be much higher of Ca$\^$2+/ content and higher of NO$\^$-/$_3$, SO$\^$2-/$_4$ and H$_2$PO$_4$$\^$-/ content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.218-226
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and the effect of total collection days (two and four days) on apparent digestibility estimates for lambs fed diets containing sugar cane treated with calcium oxide (CaO). Eight Santa In$\hat{e}$s castrated male lambs with a $16.6{\pm}1.8$ kg body weight were used. The lambs were distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares, with four experimental periods of 14 d each. The animals were kept in 1.2 $m^2$ individual pens, and the intake and digestibility evaluations were performed during the last four days of each period. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous, containing 14% crude protein (CP), and presenting 70% sugar cane treated with 0, 0.75, 1.5 or 2.25% of CaO (as-fed basis), corrected with 1% urea, and 30% concentrate. The sugar cane with added CaO was chopped, treated, and offered to the animals after 24 h of storage. The sugar cane with CaO increased the DM, OM, CP, NDF, NDFap, TC, NFCap and TDN intake (kg/d), when compared to natural sugar cane, and produced the same intake expressed as a percentage of body weight (% BW). The NFCap digestibility of the CaO-treated sugar cane was inferior to the NFCap digestibility in natural sugar cane. There was a linear increase in the DM intake with the CaO-added sugar cane, but the DM and NDF digestibility and the TDN content decreased linearly. The chemical treatment of sugar cane with CaO increases the intake but does not improve the nutrient digestibility. Two days of total fecal collection were found to be sufficient to estimate the total apparent digestibility in lambs.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.471-475
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of slow-release fertilizer on warm type garlic cultivation in the Southwestern region of Korea. The slow-release fertilizers used were UF(Urea-Formaldehydes)70, 100, 130, CDU(Crotonylidene Diurea)100, and IBDU(Isobuty- lidene Diurea)100. The slow-release fertilizer treatment slightly increased plant height, leaf sheath diameter, and leaf number compare with conventional fertilizer treatment. Also, large bulb rate, nitrogen and pyruvic acid contents of garlic in slow-release fertilizer plot were higher than other treatments. Application of slow-release fertilizer increased the commercial yields.

• Clean Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 2002

As a primary material for MLCC, $BaTiO_3$ particles coated with two additives in a core-shell structure were prepared in this study. This composite powder can not only reduce the VOC emission during MLCC manufacture but also increase the density and reliability of electronic products. The additives were $Y_2O_3$ and $MnCO_3$, whose composition information was obtained from domestic companies. It was observed that the surface of $BaTiO_3$ particles was uniformly as well as simultaneously coated by those two materials via urea-decomposition reaction over $70^{\circ}C$ as the reaction temperature. Elemental analysis indicated that the measured content of each additve was quite close to the designated value. The effect of polymeric dispersant such as PVP, on the coating characteristics was not as significant as expected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.372-378
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an oral drench of propylene glycol (PG) on milk production, serum metabolites and reproductive performance during the transition period of animals. Twenty-four 2-3 multiparous Holstein cows (average body weight 565 kg, body condition score about 3.6, at the $9^{th}$ month of gestation) were selected, blocked, and then randomly assigned into a PG and a control group. The control and the PG group cows were orally drenched with water or 50 ml sugarcane molasses mixed with 500 ml PG from 7 days pre-partum to 30 days post-partum, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the oral drench PG had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI). The milk yield of the PG group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05), whereas milk fat content, milk protein and somatic cell counts (SCC) were not significantly different between groups. Concentration of plasma glucose in the PG group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). Conversely, the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the PG group were lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). Concentrations of insulin and ketone bodies were not significantly difference between groups. Body condition score (BCS) in the PG group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). In reproductive performance there was no difference between groups. The experimental results indicate that supplementation of PG during the transition period of dairy cows can supply energy rapidly, resulting in reduced catabolism of body tissue and increased milk yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1248-1254
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• 2012

The effect of silage additives on ensiling characteristics and nutritive value of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silages was studied. Napier grass silages were made with no additive, fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB), molasses or cassava meal. The ensiling characteristics were determined by ensiling Napier grass silages in airtight plastic pouches for 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 45 d. The effect of Napier grass silages treated with these additives on voluntary feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial rumen fermentation was determined in 4 fistulated cows using $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The pH value of the treated silages rapidly decreased, and reached to the lowest value within 7 d of the start of fermentation, as compared to the control. Lactic acid content of silages treated with FJLB was stable at 14 d of fermentation and constant until 45 d of ensiling. At 45 d of ensiling, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of silage treated with cassava meal were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the others. In the feeding trial, the intake of silage increased (p<0.05) in the cow fed with the treated silage. Among the treatments, dry matter intake was the lowest in the silage treated with cassava meal. The organic matter, crude protein and NDF digestibility of the silage treated with molasses was higher than the silage without additive and the silage treated with FJLB. The rumen parameters: ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bacterial populations were not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, these studies confirmed that the applying of molasses improved fermentative quality, feed intake and digestibility of Napier grass.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 1980

The free radical copolymeriaztion of N-vinylurea(VU) with vinyl acetate (VAc) was carried out at $60^{\circ}C$ in three solvents. VU-vinyl alcohol(VA) copolymers were prepared by the methanolysis of the VU-VAc copolymers. From the nitrogen content measurements of VU-VA copolymers, the monomer reactivity ratios for the VU-VAc copolymerization and the values of Alfrey-Price's Q and e for VU were determined. These Q and $\varrho$ values obtained in the cases of using methanol and methanol-dioxane as the polymerization solvents are comparable with those found for other monomers which have > NCO-pendent groups. The $\varrho$ value indicates that the urea group of VU is a electron-donating group. The copolymerization parameter of VU shows a strong effect of the solvents. These results are interpreted to be that VU is in equilibrium with its tautomer at the polymerization temperature.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 1973

Effects of nitrogen sources on free amino acids, and on photosynthsis-respiration equilibrium point of various positional leaf in soybean were investigated in relation to phosphorus sensitivity. The content of free amino acids was highest in ammonium and lowest in urea treated leaves. Glycine, serine, alanine and especially histidine were high in the ammonium treated leaves. Aspartic acid was high in the nitrate treated leaves. Photosynthesis respiration equilibrium point was higher in the sensitive cultivars, and higher with ammonium than with nitrate. The excess ammonium in plant appears to draw out an intermediate metabolite from carbon fixation pathway resulting in photosynthetic inhibition and activate pentoses phosphate pathway and photorespiration. Such phenomena were likely accentuated in phosphorus sensitive variety.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2018

The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of particle pre-treatment on physical, mechanical, and durability of jatropha fruit hulls (JFH) particleboard. The pre-treatments included were immersing in cold water, hot water, and acetic acid solution. After each treatment, the particles were dried up to 3% moisture content. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to fabricate particleboards with board size, thickness and density target of 25 cm by 25 cm, 0.80 cm, and $0.70g/cm^3$, respectively. Board pressed at $130^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, and $25kg/cm^2$ pressure. The evaluation of particleboard followed the JIS A 5908-2003. Whilist their resistance to subterranean termite test (mass loss, mortality, antifeedant value and feeding rate) refers to the Indonesian standard (SNI 01.7207-2006). The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards showed that all pre-treatments decreased the pH of particles. Overall, all particle immersing treatments resulted of better physical and mechanical properties of particleboard than those of untreated ones. The acetic acid treatment resulted the best physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Based on the mass loss of JFH particleboard, hot water and acetic acid treated particleboards were classified into weak resistance to subterranean attack. The other two treatments were classified into very weak resistance. Hot water treated particleboard provided the highest mortality and antifeedant as much as 87.40% and 34.20%, respectively. Based on antifeedant classification, hot water treated particleboards were classified into moderately strong resistance, while other treatments were categorized into weak resistance. The lowest feeding rate value ($45.30{\mu}g/termite/day$) was attained by hot water treatment.