• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.697-706
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• 2000

Background: Isolated lung perfusion(ILP) was developed as a new treatment approach to non-resectable primary or metastatic lung cancer, because of its ability to reduce systemic toxicity while delivering high-dose chemotherapeutic agents to the target organs. This research was planned to evaluate the direct toxic effect of high-dose cisplatin to the lung tissue during isolated lung perfusion. Material and Method: Fifteen mongrel dogs were divided in the perfusate for 40 minutes. The second group was composed of 5 mongrel dogs which underwent ILP with cisplatin 2.5 mg/Kg added to the perfusate for 30 minutes and 10 minutes with washing solution without cisplatin. The third group underwent the same procedure as the second group except cisplatin 5.0 mg/Kg in the perfusate. Activities of serum angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), and concentration of serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) were analyzed in each groups at the time of pre-perfusion, 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks after ILP. Result: Serum ACE activities before and 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks after ILP in control group were 45.1$\pm$6.3, 44.6$\pm$9.3, 46.7$\pm$9.5, 50.8$\pm$9.1, 46.1$\pm$4.3 U/L. Those in cisplatin 2.5 and 5.0 mg/Kg groups were 49.4$\pm$12.6, 39.0$\pm$8.6, 42.3$\pm$15.9, 50.0$\pm$2.6, 53.8$\pm$8.3 and 55.5$\pm$12.3, 47.0$\pm$6.3, 45.1$\pm$6.9, 74.8$\pm$19.5, 60.2$\pm$12.0 U/L, respectively. Serum TNF-$\alpha$ activities in each group before and after ILP were 5.0$\pm$1.5 / 7.7$\pm$2.2 / 6.6$\pm$2.5 / 4.3$\pm$1.3 / 5.2$\pm$1.1(control), 8.7$\pm$1.6 / 9.9$\pm$2.2 / 7.9$\pm$1.5 / 6.3$\pm$2.2 / 7.4$\pm$2.4 (cisplatin 2.5 mg/Kg), and 6.9$\pm$0.7 / 8.9$\pm$3.4 / 7.9$\pm$4.0 / 3.3$\pm$0.9 / 5.8$\pm$1.3 pg/ml(cisplatin 5.0 mg/Kg). Mean LDH levels of each group were 225.7 / 271.3 / 328.9 / 350.8 / 255.7(control), 235.7 / 265.7 / 336.0 / 379.5 / 299.2 (cisplatin 2.5 mg/Kg), and 259.6 / 285.2 / 340.6 / 433.4 / 292.4 IU/L(cisplatin 5.0 mg/Kg). So there was no significant difference in serum ACE, TNF-$\alpha$, and LDH activity changes after ILP between the 3 groups. And, there was no significant changes in BUN/Cr in each groups, which was independent of ILP and perfused concentration of cisplatin. In addition, all dogs survived the ILP and there was no significant evidence of pulmonary vascular injury after 2 weeks of ILP with cisplatin. Conclusion: There was no harmful effect of cisplatin to the lund tissue of the mongrel dog up to 5.0 mg/Kg in perfusate. Therefore, it is perceived to be safe and effective to deliver high-dose cisplatin to the lung without pulmonary toxicity and renal damage with ILP.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.547-557
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• 1986

The characteristics of the three alkaline proteinases, Enz. A, B and C, from the pyloric caeca of mackerel have been investigated. The optimum condition for the activity of the Enz. A, B and C was pH 9.4, 9.8 and 9.8 at $45^{\circ}C$ for $2\%$ casein solution, and was pH 9.2 10.2 and 9.8 at $45^{\circ}C$ for $5\%$ hemoglobin denatured by urea, respectively. Enz. A, B and C by heat treatment at $50^{\circ}C$ for 5 min were inactivated 90, 33 and $37\%$, respectively, over the original activity. The reaction rate of the three alkaline proteinases was constant to the reaction time to 40 min in the reaction condition of $2{\mu}g/ml$ of enzyme concentration and $2\%$ casein solution. The reaction rate equation and Km value against casein substrate determined by the method of Lineweaver and Burk were: Enz. A, Y=3.6X and $Km=5.0{\times}10^{-3}\%$; Enz. B, Y=6.0X and $Km=1.0{\times}10^{-3}\%$; Enz. C, Y=4.2X and $Km=3.6{\times}10^{-3}\%$. The three alkaline proteinases were inactivated by $Ag^+$ and $Hg^{2+}$, but activated by $Mn^{2+},\;Sn^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$, Enz. B and C were remarkably inhibited by the soybean trypsin inhibitor. Molecular weight of Enz. A, B and C determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration was in the range of $27,500{\pm}2,500,\;20,500{\pm}1,500\;and\;15,250{\pm}250$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.973-979
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of Pinus densiflora on biochemical parameters in type I diabetic rats, we evaluated the changes of body weight, fasting blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and biochemical parameters after the intraperitoneal injection of distilled solution of Pinus densiflora in streptozotocin (STZ)­induced rats. Thirty-seven male Sprague Dawley rats $(180\pm10g)$ were divided into four groups; diabetic mellitus (DM) group received STZ (50 mg/kg BW, i.v.); low level of pine extract (LP) group received Pinus densiflora (5 mg/kg BW, i.p.), high level of pine extract (HP) group received Pinus densiflora (10 mg/kg BW, i.p.) after the single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg BW, i.v.), respectively. Normal control (NC) group received saline. The change of fasting blood glucose level and OGTT were measured using glucocard II, and the change of biochemical parameter were measured by Automatic Chemistry Analyzer (Hitach-747, Japan). Mean body weight change of DM group was retarded greatly by STZ-exposure. While, body weights of LP and HP groups were progressively increased with some fluctuation, although the increase rates were slower than that of NC group. Fasting blood glucose levels of LP and HP groups were reduced by Pinus densiflora injection, although the fasting blood glucose levels were higher than that of NC group. The results of OGTT was significantly improved in both of LP and HP group compared to DM group. Increases of blood glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels by STZ-exposure were attenuated by the Pinus densiflora treatment (p<0.05). From the results, it was suggested that Pinus densiflora has a tendency to decrease STZ-induced toxicity in terms of monitoring fasting blood glucose, OGTT and some biochemical parameters of rat.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2016

In searching for novel agents for skin anti-aging from natural resources, we found that the extract of the fruiting bodies of Ramaria formosa (R. formosa) had significant antioxidant and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitory activities. R. formosa extract exhibited a considerable DPPH radical scavenging activity with an antioxidant content of 117.0mg/mL (ascorbic acid equivalents) at the concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$. The capacity of R. formosa extract to scavenge peroxy radicals measured by ORAC assay also showed dose-dependent antioxidant effect with $ORAC_{Roo}$ (trolox equivalents, $1{\mu}M$) values of 0.8, 5.2, and 7.8 at the concentrations of 1, 10, and $20{\mu}g/mL$. The cellular antioxidant capacity of R. formosa extract was investigated by assaying the cellular fluorescence intensity using dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF). The cellular oxidative stress induced by AAPH, $Cu^{2+}$ or $H_2O_2$ in HepG2 cells was significantly attenuated by more than 30% at $20{\mu}g/mL$ of R. formosa extract. HNE activity was reduced by treatment with R. formosa extract in a dose-dependent manner, and the $ED_{50}$ value for the ethanol extract of R. formosa was $42.9{\mu}g/mL$. R. formosa extract did not exhibited antimicrobial activity against four microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Candida albicans (C. albicans), Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae). Furthermore, the extract did not affect the inflammatory cytokine production of interleukin-10 and interferon-${\gamma}$ in NK92 cells. From the above results, we found that R. formosa extract has considerable antioxidant and elastase inhibitory effects, and does not stimulate immune cells. These findings suggest that R. formosa extract may be used as a bioactive component in cosmetic composition.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 2000

Objectives : To investigate the positive rate of Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia; medical compliance and related factors; the eradication rate a year after screening and related factors; the relationship between the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the improvement of symptoms; and the estimated cost of three alternative approaches to treat Helicobacter pylori in the community. Methods : A total of 510 subjects with dyspeptic symptoms were selected and given the serological test in March 1998. The subjects were all adults over 30 years of age residing in Kyongju city. Results : Of the 510 selected subjects, 375 (73.5%) subjects proved positive for Helicobacter pylori on serological testing. Of these 304 (81.1%) who consented to an endoscopic examination, underwent a Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) test. Of these 304 subjects, 204 (67.1%), who had positive CLO test results, were given the triple therapy - tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate, amoxicillin, and metronidazole. To determine the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori, 181 (88.1%) out of the 204 subjects who were given the triple therapy completed a follow-up urea breath test one year later. Of these, the Helicobacter pylori of 87(48.1%) subjects was eradicated. Among the 122 subjects who were medication compliant, the Helicobacter pylori eradication rate was 57.4% (70 subjects), while the eradication rates was only 28.8% (17subjects) in the non-compliant group. The Helicobacter pylori eradication was significantly related to compliance (p<0.01), but not to other characteristics and habits. The symptom improvement rate tended to be higher 62.1%), in the Helicobacter pylori eradicated group than in the non-eradicated group (59.6%). Conclusions : When the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative treatment were considered in the light of cost, antibiotic tolerance and the number of patients to be treated, alternative II was favorable in terms of cost. Alternative III was favorable in terms of the number of patients to be treated, antibiotic tolerance and early detection of gastric cancer. Further long-term research analyzing the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of each treatment will be needed as supporting material in creating new policies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 1999

Background: This study was designed to develop a Korean version of the heparin-coated vascular bypass shunt by using a physical dispersing technique. The safety and effectiveness of the thrombo-resistant shunt were tested in experimental animals. Material and Method: A bypass shunt model was constructed on the descending thoracic aorta of 21 adult mongrel dogs(17.5-25 kg). The animals were divided into groups of no-treatment(CONTROL group; n=3), no-treatment with systemic heparinization(HEPARIN group; n=6), Gott heparin shunt (GOTT group; n=6), or Korean heparin shunt(KIST group; n=6). Parameters observed were complete blood cell counts, coagulation profiles, kidney and liver function(BUN/Cr and AST/ ALT), and surface scanning electron microscope(SSEM) findings. Blood was sampled from the aortic blood distal to the shunt and was compared before the bypass and at 2 hours after the bypass. Result: There were no differences between the groups before the bypass. At bypass 2 hours, platelet level increased in the HEPARIN and GOTT groups(p<0.05), but there were no differences between the groups. Changes in other blood cell counts were insignificant between the groups. Activated clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time were prolonged in the HEPARIN group(p<0.05) and differences between the groups were significant(p<0.005). Prothrombin time increased in the GOTT group(p<0.05) without having any differences between the groups. Changes in fibrinogen level were insignificant between the groups. Antithrombin III levels were increased in the HEPARIN and KIST groups(p<0.05), and the inter-group differences were also significant(p<0.05). Protein C level decreased in the HEPARIN group(p<0.05) without having any differences between the groups. BUN levels increased in all groups, especially in the HEPARIN and KIST groups(p<0.05), but there were no differences between the groups. Changes of Cr, AST, and ALT levels were insignificant between the groups. SSEM findings revealed severe aggregation of platelets and other cellular elements in the CONTROL group, and the HEPARIN group showed more adherence of the cellular elements than the GOTT or KIST group. Conclusion: Above results show that the heparin-coated bypass shunts(either GOTT or KIST) can suppress thrombus formation on the surface without inducing bleeding tendencies, while systemic heparinization(HEPARIN) may not be able to block activation of the coagulation system on the surface in contact with foreign materials but increases the bleeding tendencies. We also conclude that the thrombo-resistant effects of the Korean version of heparin shunt(KIST) are similar to those of the commercialized heparin shunt(GOTT).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2000

An algicidal bacterium, Micrococcus sp. LG-5 against the harmful dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides was isolated. The optimal conditions for the highest algicidal activity of bacterial culture filtrate showed in the range of $20{\~}30^{\circ}C$, at pH 7.0 and $3.0{\%}$ of NaCl concentration. In addition, $IC_(50)(mean of 50{\%} inhibitory concentration)$ of the culture filtrate against C. polykrikoides after incubation of 5 days was $0.482{\%}$. To investigate heat and pH stability of the culture filtrate of Micrococcus sp. LG-5, the culture filtrate ($pore size, 0.1 {\mu}m$) was heated to $121^{\circ}C for 15 min$ and adjusted pH from 2.0 to 10.0. There were no significant changes in algicidal activity by heat treatment and the pH change between pH from 5.0 to 10.0. The algicidal substances produced from Micrococcus sp. LG-5 were mainly detected in the fraction of $10,000{\~}1,000$ MWCO (molecular weight cut-off). The culture filtrate of Micrococous sp. LG-5 showed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Escheiichia coli, Uebsiella pneunioniae and Vibrio altinolyticus, but did not show against Pseudomonas aeminosa, P. Buorescens, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, V. cholerae and V parahaemolyicus. The culture filtrate of Micrococcus sp. LG-5 was examined against 16 phytoplankton species and showed the algicidal activity against Ajexandzium tuarense, Eutreptiella Drnnastin, Gymnodinium catenatum, G. mikimotoi, G. sanguineum, eyodinium impuaicum, Heterocapsa triquetra, Heterosipa akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans and Pyraminonas sp.. However no algicidal effects of Micrococcus sp. LG-5 were observed against Chlamydomonas sp., Cylindrotheoa closterium, P. mininum, P. triestimum, Pseudonieschia sp. and Sczipuiella trochoidea. On the other hand, algicidal activity on the tested marinelivefood was not detected except for Isochrysis galbana. In addition, physiological responses of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys oliraceus) exposed to $1 and 10{\%}$ of the culture filtrate of Micrococcus sp. LG-5 were measured. There were no clear changes in AST, GGT, creatinine, urea, total cholesterol, total protein, albumine, $Mg^(+2), Ca^(+2), Na^+, K^+, and Cl^-$. These results indicate that olive flounders were not affected when they were exposed to the culture filtrate of Micrococcus sp. LG-5.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.3-57
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• 1985

This research was conducted to examine the feasibility of developing fire retardant particleboard and complyboard. Particleboard were manufactured using meranti particle(Shorea spp.)made with Pallmann chipper, and complyboard meranti particle and apitong veneer (Dipterocarpus spp.). Particles were passed through 4mm (6 mesh) and retained on 1mm (25 mesh). Urea formaldehyde resin was added 10 percent on ovendry weight of particle. Face veneer for complyboard was 0.9, 1.6 and 2.3mm in thickness and spread with 36 g/(30.48 cm)$^2$ glue on one side. Veneers were soaked with 10 percent solution of five fire retardant chemicals (diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, Pyresote and Minalith), and particles with 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent solution of five chemicals. Particleboard and complyboard were evaluated on physical and mechanical properties, and fire retardancy. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Among five fire retardant chemicals treated to particleboard and complyboard, the retention of ammonium sulfate in 5 percent solution showed the lowest as 1.39 kg/(30.48 cm)$^3$ exceeding the minimum retention of 1.125 kg/(30.48 cm)$^3$ recommended by Forest Products Laboratory and Koch. 2. Particleboard and complyboard treated with diammonium phosphate showed higher modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond strength and screw holding power than those with the other chemicals. 3. MOR and MOE of complyboard treated with fire retardant chemicals were greater than those of fire retardant particleboard. 4. Thickness swelling of fire retardant complyboard was lower than that of fire retardant particleboard. 5. The moisture content of the boards treated with Pyresote and Minalith increased and with monoammonium phosphate reduced. 6. Fire retardant particleboard showed no ignition, and fire retardant complyboard started ignition, but time required to ignite was prolonged comparing the controlboard. Complyboard with only shell veneer treated showed ignition and lingering flame, but lingering flame time was shorter than controlboard. Complyboard with treated both core and veneer showed ignition but not lingering flame. 7. Flame length, carbonized area and weight loss were smaller than controlboard but had no significant difference among chemicals treated. 8. Temperature of unexposed surface of fire retardant particleboard was lowered with the increasing concentration of five chemicals. 9. Temperature of unexposed surface of fire retardant particleboard was lowered with the highest in Pyresote and the lowest in Minalith. 10. Temperature of unexposed surface of fire retardant complyboard was lower than that of controlboard.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.271-291
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• 1992

This study was conducted to survey the situation of direct rice seeding in Honam province in Korea to investigate problems and seek countermeasure of weed control in direct rice seeding. The total area of direct rice seeding in the south-western part of Korea (Chonbuk, Chonnam, and Chungnam) was 1650.8ha (732.1ha for direct seeding in dry field and 918.7ha for direct seeding in flooding field) in 1992. The followings are summary of the study. 1. In case of direct rice seeding in dry field, butachlor EC and G at 3 to 5 DAS was mostly selected by farmers to control weeds in dry field. Benthiocarb or chlornitrofen was also used in few cases. At 10 to 14 DAS just before rice emergence, tank misture of butachlor EC and paraquat was treated by some farmers. At 35 to 40 days, after flooding mixture of sulfonylurea derivatives was sequentially applied. Surviving weeds including barnyardgrass were finally controlled by mixture of bentazon+quinclorac WP foliage application. 2. In case of direct rice seeding in flooding field, weed control were mostly unsuccessful partially due to wrong selection of herbicide and missing the optimum application time. Three relatively successful weed control in the survey were summarized as follows. 1) Oxadiazon EC, butachlor or benthiocarb were treated just after puddling(5 to 7 days before seeding). then mixture of bentazone+quinclorac WP or sulfonylurea derivatives was sequently applied to control remaining weeds at 20 days after seeding. 2) Mixtures of bensulfuronmethyl+dimepiperate G, pyrazosulfuronethyl+molinate G, or bensulfuronmethyl+mefenacet+dymron G were applied at 11 days after puddling when barnyardgrass were at 2.0 leaf stage. Phytotoxicity was not found in case of mixture of bensulfuronmethyl+dimepiperate G but found in the other two cases but disappeared later. 3) Mixtures of bensulfuronmethyl+quinclorac G., pyrazosulfuronethyl+quinclorac G or betazone and quinclorac G were treated after 18 to 20 days after puddling when barnyardgrass was within 3.0 leaf stage. It showed good weed control in both annuals and perrenials without phytotoxicity. On the contrary, other sulfonylurea derivatives such as middle periodic herbicide showed poor weed control against barnyardgrass, so that sequential treatment of bentazone+quinclorac WP mixture was required. 3. Herbicidal characteristics and optimum application time of 45 rigistered herbicides in Korea were analyzed to discover new substitute for quinclorac mixture, that showed excellent weed control against barnyardgrass at its 3 leaf stage or older. The analysis revealed that 70% of herbicides were for preemergence and the others were post periodic herbicide. Most farmers favor to apply herbicide when rice seedlings completely rooted, at this time barnyardgrass are at 2.5-3.0 leaf stage. Therefore herbicide of which optimum application time had long is required. In this study. 6 middle periodic herbicides among sulfonylurea derivatives and 2 quinclorac mixture were selected and evaluated their weeding spectrums at different leaf stage of barnyardgrass in both soil application in flooding condition and foliage application in dry paddy field. The order of weeding spectrum in magnitude was as follows : bentazone+quinclorac WP> bentazone + quinclorac G>bensulfuronmethyl + quinclorac G>pyrazosulfuronethyl + quinclorac G> pyrazosulfuronethyl + Molinate G>bensulfuronmethyl + mefenacet + dymron G>bensulfuronmethyl + mefenacet G>bensulfuron methyl+benthiocarb G. The above results coincided with that of the survey. In conclusion, there is no proper substitute for quinclorac mixrure, which can control barnyardgrass at 3.0 leaf stage or even older. Therefore quinclorac should be supplied continuously to farmers in order to anchor direct rice seeding in Korea. Author suggested the followings to eastablish direct rice seeding technology effectively and quickly : 1) A tentatively named "The research committee for direct rice seeding" which was composed of farmers. researchers and goberment. should be eastablished to cooperate effectively. 2) Development of a pricise direct rice seeding machine for both dry and flooding paddy field. which is workable regardless of condition and varieties of seeds. 3) Study on protecting rice seed and seedling from sparrows. 4) Systematic studies of weed control techniques in direct rice seeding to standardize herbicide application. 5) Studies on farm-land reformation. techniques of precise land preparation. and direct rice seeding using an airplane.