• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권10호
• /
• pp.1400-1410
• /
• 2004

Eight crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to a switchback design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement to evaluate two nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) sources (corn meal and cassava chips) with different rumen degradability and used at two levels of NSC (55 vs. 75%) with protein source (supplied by urea in the concentrate mix). The treatments were 1) Low degradable low level of corn (55%) 2) Low degradable high level of corn (75%) 3) High degradable low level of cassava (55%) and 4) High degradable high level of cassava (75%). The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum as the roughage and supplement with 1 kg/hd/d cassava hay. The results revealed that total DM intake, BW and digestion coefficients of DM were not affected by either level or source of energy. Rumen fermentation parameters; NH3-N, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were unaffected by source of energy, but were dramatically increased by level of NSC. Rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by source of energy, but fungal zoospores were greater for cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate. Milk production and milk composition were not affected significantly by diets containing either source or level of NSC, however concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (4.4 and 4.2, respectively). Likewise, income over feed, as estimated from 3.5% FCM, was higher on cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (54.0 and 51.4 US$/mo, respectively). These results indicate that feeding diets containing either cassava-based diets and/or a higher of oncentrates up to 75% of DM with NPN (supplied by urea up to 4.5% of DM) can be used in dairy rations without altering rumen ecology or animal performance compared with corn-based concentrate.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.177-181
• /
• 2005

Effects of common electrophoretic reagents, reducing agents ($\beta$-mercaptoethanol [BME] and DTT), denaturants (SDS and urea), and non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100), on the activity and stability of bovine plasmin (b-pln) and human plasmin (h-pln) were compared. In the presence of 0.1% SDS (w/v), all reagents completely inhibited two plns, whereas SDS (1%) and urea (1 M) denatured plns recovered their activities after removal of SDS by treatment of 2.5% Triton X-100 (v/v). However, reducing agents (0.1 M of BME and DTT) treated plns did not restore their activities. Based on a fibrin zymogram gel, five (from b-pln) and four (from h-pln) active fragments were resolved. Two plns exhibited unusual stability in concentrated SDS and Triton X-100 (final 10%) and urea (final 6 M) solutions. Two bands, heavy chain-2 (HC-2) and cleaved heavy chain-2 (CHC-2), of b-pln were completely inhibited in 0.5% SDS or 3 M urea, whereas no significant difference was found in h-pln. Interestingly, 50 kDa (cleaved heavy chain-1, CHC-1) of b-pln and two fragments, 26 kDa (light chain, LC) and 29 kDa (microplasmin, MP), of h-pln were increased by SDS in a concentration dependent manner. We also found that the inhibition of SDS against both plns was reversible.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 1988

제초제(除草劑)가 토양환경내(土壤環境內)의 생화학적(生化學的) 전환과정(轉換過程)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 규명(糾明)하기 위해서 화학구조(化學構造)가 다른 여러 종류의 제초제(除草劑)를 질소질비료(室素質肥料)인 요소(尿素)와 함께 토양(土壤)에 처리(處理)하였을때 토양효소(土壞酵素)의 활성(活性)에 미치는 영향(影響)과 농약(農藥)의 잔류량(殘留量)의 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 제초제(除草劑)의 처리(處理)로 Urease의 활성(活性)에는 Urea계(系), dinoseb, propanil, diphenylether계(系), 산amide계(系)의 순(順)으로 저해율(沮害率)이 높았다. L-Glutaminase 및 protease의 활성(活性)에는 dinoseb, urea계(系), diphenylether계(系), 산amide계(系)의 순(順)으로 저해율(沮害率)이 높았으며 phosphatase는 dinoseb, diphenylether계(系), urea계(系), 산amide계(系)의 순(順)으로 저해율(沮書率)이 높았다. 대체적으로 제초제(除草劑)의 처리(處理)로 처리초기(處理初期)에는 저해(沮害)를 보이다가 28일(日) 이후(以後)에는 거의 영향(影響)이 없거나 활성(活性)을 약간 증가(增加)시켰다. 요소(尿素)의 시용(施用)으로 인(因)해 제초제(除草劑)의 분해(分解)는 무시용구(無施用區)에 비해서 약간 촉진(促進)되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.50-54
• /
• 1991

조입성형제(造粒成型劑)로 사용(使用)된 요소수지(尿素樹脂)의 U/F반응(反應) mole비(比) 및 첨가량(添加量)이 각각(各各) 다른 시제품(試製品) 5종(種)을 단비분시(單肥分施)를 대조(對照)로 배추에 대(對)한 비효시험(肥效試驗)을 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 배추수량(收量)은 U/F반응(反應) mole비(比) 1.0인 요소수지(尿素樹脂)가 6.7% 첨가(添加)된 시제품(試製品) V에서 가장 높았고 U/F반응(反應) mole비(比)가 가장 낮고 첨가량(添加量)이 가장 많은 시제품(試製品) VII에서는 3요소(要素) 분시구(分施區)에 비(比)하여 감수(減收)하였다. 2. 배추용(用) 완효성(緩效性) 복비(複肥)의 질소(窒素) 완효도(緩效度)는 24시간후(時間後) 수중전질소(水中全窒素) 용출률(溶出率) 76.1%, 100일후(日後) 토양중(土壤中) 전질소(全窒素) 용출률(溶出率) 71.7%가 적합(適合)하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.193-198
• /
• 2004

Eighteen water buffalo calves of Nili-Ravi breed (about 15 months age and of $147{\pm}12$ kg average body weight and mixed sex) were used with six animals on each treatment. All the animals were fed long wheat straw for ad libitum intake as the basal ration. Animals in group-I were supplemented with ad libitum amount of urea molasses block having cotton seed meal (CSMB) while the animals in group-II were supplemented with ad libitum urea molasses block containing sunflower seed meal (SFMB) and group III animals were supplemented with a fixed amount of commercial concentrate feed (CCF). The experiment lasted for a period of 80 days (April to June). Results revealed a significantly decreased total feed intake (wheat straw+supplements) in group-III ($1,666{\pm}52$ g/h/d) as compared to group I ($2,299{\pm}194$ g/h/d) and group-II ($2,193{\pm}230$ g/h/d). Average daily supplement intakes were $891{\pm}87$; $666{\pm}104$ and $593{\pm}0$ grams per head in group I, II and III, respectively. Supplement intakes among groups were different (p<0.05). Average daily body weight gains (g/h) were $214{\pm}25$, $174{\pm}23 $and $183{\pm}24$ for group I, II and III, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be $10.74{\pm}1.12$, $12.60{\pm}0.88$ and $9.90{\pm}1.33$ grams for group No. I, II and III, respectively. The economic net benefit of live weight gain of calves were 7.63, 6.11 and 7.33 rupees/h/d for group No. I, II and III, respectively. Thus SFM can replace CSM and urea molasses blocks can replace commercial concentrates as supplement to basal ration of wheat straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권8호
• /
• pp.1078-1084
• /
• 2001

Twelve growing male lambs ($10.05{\pm}0.41kg$, 5 months age) were assigned to three equal groups in a completely randomized design and fed respectively wheat straw (WS), ammoniated wheat straw (AWS) or urea supplemented wheat straw (USWS) along with concentrate mixtures of varying protein and energy contents to meet their requirements as per NRC (1985). Despite comparable nutrient intake and digestibility, the lambs fed A WS based diet digested lower (p<0.05) crude protein. The digestibility of NDF and hemicellulose were lower while the digestibility of cellulose was higher in lambs on AWS as compared to lambs on USWS based diet. The lambs of all the three groups were in positive and comparable N, Ca and P balance except higher Ca balance in lambs fed WS based diet. The body weight change, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were similar among the dietary groups. All the parameters of rumen fermentation pattern were comparable between lambs of AWS and USWS based diets except ammonia-N concentration that was higher in the latter however it was lower in WS fed group. Though, the feeding cost per unit gain was comparable in lambs fed all the three diets, the cost incurred towards roughage during 120 days of experimental feeding was significantly less in lambs fed AWS than UTWS. Thus, feeding of USWS can be practiced to minimize labour cost and environmental pollution involved in the process of urea treatment without affecting the performance of growing lambs.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 1986

To control the amounts of formaldehyde released from the cotton fabric finished with N-methylol compounds, glycerol was used as a formaldehyde-scavenging agent. It was observed the effects of catalysts and curing conditions when aftertreated with glycerol on melamine resin finished fabric. The effects of Different processes of glycerol treatment, and different resins, urea resin and melamine resin, were compared. The conclusions obtained from the results are as follows: 1) It was shown hatt the aftertreatment with glycerol (treated without catalyst) was more effective than treated with catalysts in controlling free formaldehyde. 2) The optimum curing temperature and curing time for the glycerol aftertreatment without adversely affecting the other properties of fabric was about $160^{\circ}C$, 3 min. 3) According to the increase of glycerol concentration in both aftertreatment and simultaneous treatment the amounts of free formaldehyde was reduced. The rate of decrease was manifest within the limits of $6\%$ in the case of simultaneous treatment with glycerol ana resins, and $3\%$ in the case of glycerol aftertreatment on resin finished fabrics. 4) Dry wrinkle recovery angle was decreased the increase of glycerol concentration. Melamine resin had a little adverse effect than urea resin, particulary glycerol aftertreatment. 5) The breaking strength was increased with the increase of glycerol concentration.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2022

BACKGROUND: The main source of ammonia in soils, South Korea is agricultural emissions (e.g., fertilizer application and livestock manure), with the recent emission inventories reporting them to be approximately 80% of the total emissions. Ammonia as a pollutant is originated largely from agricultural activity and is an important contributor to air quality issues in South Korea. The importance of ammonia in agricultural land is also emerging. In this study, the characteristics of ammonia emission from Chinese cabbage cultivation fields with application rates of urea sere were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ammonia emission characteristics were investigated at the different urea application rates (0, 160, 320, and 640 kg ha-1) and the ammonia emission factor in the Chinese cabbage cultivation field was calculated. As application rate of urea application increased, ammonia emissions increased proportionally. In 2020 and 2021, cumulative ammonia emissions with urea 320 kg ha^-1 treatment were 39.3 and 35.2 kg ha^-1, respectively for 2020 and 2021. When urea fertilizer was applied, the ammonia emission factors were 0.1217 and 0.1358 NH₄⁺-N kg N kg^-1 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Ammonia emissions increased as application rate of urea increased, and the average ammonia emission factor of the Chinese cabbage cultivation field for two years was 0.129 NH₄⁺-N kg N kg^-1.

• 셀메드
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.5.1-5.8
• /
• 2023

Objectives: Cassia occidentalis L. is a weed belonging to the Caesalpiniaceae family. The root of this medicinal plant is used for the treatment of various ailments, including kidney diseases. The present study was aimed at evaluating the nephroprotective effects of HAE of the roots of Cassia occidentalis L. against gentamicininduced renal toxicity in albino Wistar rats. Methods: The renal toxicity was induced by subcutaneous administration of gentamicin at 100 mg/kg in the rats belonging to the disease control and treatment groups from the 4^th to the 8^th day. The rats in the treatment group received HAE of the roots of Cassia occidentalis L. at 67 mg/kg b. w. orally for 8 days, while no treatment was given to the rats in the disease control and plain control groups. At the end of the experiment, renal biomarkers viz; s. creatinine, b. urea, and s. uric acid, were investigated. The histopathological examination of the kidney specimens was also carried out. Results: The results of the present study revealed that renal function biomarkers such as s. creatinine, b. urea, and s. uric acid were significantly reduced in the rats of the treatment group as compared to those of the disease control group. Moreover, the histoarchitecture reports of the treatment group's kidney specimens showed significant improvements. Conclusion: The results suggested that the HAE of Cassia occidentalis L. roots promisingly prevented kidney injury in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. This effect might be due to improved clearance of gentamicin from the renal tubule and decreased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

• 식물조직배양학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 1994

Nicotiana tabaccum 'Xanti', Petunia hybrida 'Blue Star' 그리고 Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Baeckwang'을 공시하여 엽조직 유래의 mesophyII protoplast(MP)와 paraveinal mesophyII protoplast (PVMP) 간의 세포 활성을 조사하기 위하여 urea 투과성을 측정하였다. 아울러 엽육 조직에서 원형질체 나출을 위한 각종 효소제를 처리하고 경과 시간별로 관찰했으며, 나출 원형질체로부터 식물체 재생을 위한 NAA와 thidiazuron의 효과를 조사하였다. Vibratome을 이용한 엽육조직 절단방법은 엽조직의 상해를 최소화하고 조직절편도 최소 50 $\mu\textrm{m}$까지 절단할 수 있기 때문에 urea 투과성 검정과 원형질체 나출을 위한 필수적인 기술이다. 세포활성에 대한 urea투과성 측정은 공시한 3종 식물의 PVMP에서 모두 Ks=2.Ox$10^{-5}$cm/sec 정도가 MP보다 높았다. 효소혼합 용액(1.5% Cellulase R-10, l% Driselase, 0.5% Macerozyme R-10, 0.05% Pectolyase)을 4-8 시간 처리하는 것이 PVMP 나출에 유효하였다. 나출 원형체로부터의 캘러스 유기와 식물체 재생에는 2 mg/L NAA + 0.01 mg/L thidiazuron 처리구에서 가장 양호하였으며 조직별로는 PVMP에서 월등한 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 엽조직을 대상으로한 원형질체 배양에 있어서 엽록소의 함량이 많은 MP보다는 재생력이나 세포 활성이 강한 paraveinal 엽육조직 유래의 세포를 집약적으로 나출시켜 실험재료로 이용한다면 더 높은 식물체 재생률을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.