• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.145-166
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• 2009

This paper uses 192 urban data in 1990-2005, and Carlino model, estimate urban agglomeration economies, that is urbanization economies. The results of estimation of urban agglomeration economies suggests that the h value of 145 urban bigger than 1, and h value of 47 urban smaller than 1, that is most of urban has the positive urbanization economies. But the regional disparity is serious, Eastern region's urban agglomeration is obvious, and North-eastern region's urban agglomeration economies is not obvious, appears urban disagglomeration economies. For analyzing the relation between urban agglomeration economies and urban scale, this paper tested the function of urban agglomeration economies. The results suggests that urban agglomeration economies and urban scale has not the inverse U-type function.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2019

Purpose - Urban agglomeration construction is one of national strategic plans to accelerate the development of industrialization and urbanization in China, which has threatened the eco-environmental quality at the same time. This paper selected the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as the research area. Research design, data, and methodology - The the slack-based measurement (SBM) model considering undesirable outputs is applied to measure the eco-efficiency of this urban agglomerations during 2006-2015. Results - The empirical results show that average eco-efficiency of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is 0.595. Regional ecological development is unbalanced. The highest eco-efficiency is recorded at Wuhan Metropolitan Area, and the lowest one is at the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Group. Energy consumption and waste dust emissions are the key factors led to ecological inefficiency. Based on this, potentials for energy saving and waste dust reducing are calculated. Conclusions - Finally, this study provides policy implications targeted to promote the coordinating development of economy and eco-environment under the construction of urban agglomeration.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2021

China's "One Belt and One Road" initiative has brought multiple opportunities to the development of tourism in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces and the implementation of the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration Development Plan hasset clear goalsforfurther accelerating the coordinated development, in-depth cooperation of the three. This study takes the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration as the research object and utilized the data envelopment analysis (DEA) procedure to estimate the technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency scores for each city and Malmquist index was subsequently used to analyze dynamically, then tries to offer an adequate inclusion of sustainable factors in overall tourism development efficiency results through the detection and estimation of potential sources of efficiency. In order to complete the task, data collection was focused on Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces of China over the period from 2016 to 2018. The results in the first phase show relatively high efficiency scores, particularly in the case of the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration and with room for improvement in the case of other cities of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces. The second stage results present several aspects that should be carefully considered in order to analysis tourism efficiency of the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomerations vertically according to the changes of the frontier.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.561-577
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• 2001

Urban spatial structure is closely related to the spatial distribution of urban economic activities. The spatial distribution pattern is no more than an aggregated expression of the location and/or relocation behavior of individual firms and establishments. In this respect, it is important to identify and examine the factors that affect the spatial behavior of individual firms for a more comprehensive understanding of urban space. Agglomeration economies are one of the most prominent urban economic phenomena in the modern metropolitan area. Most firms in an urban space seek external economies through the spatial clustering of their activities. Agglomeration economies feature prominently in the analysis of urban economic structure across urban areas. While the agglomeration economies between cities focus at the macro-scale of analysis, such economies within any given city focus more on the micro geographical scale. There have been a number of researches on agglomeration economies, among which there are relatively few approaches based on an intra-urban context. This proper explores the agglomeration economies at the micro scale and tries to reseal the spatial realization of the agglomeration economies within and between sectors. Three sectors are considered in the analysis; manufacturing, retail and service. The model is based on simultaneous equation systems combined with spatially weighted variables and estimated by the KRP estimators.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.223-237
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• 2023

The Seoul Onsu Industrial Complex, having been completed over 50 years ago, is an old industrial complex, with deteriorating infrastructure and factory buildings. Despite this, there's a current urban industrial agglomeration centered on the machinery industry in the Seoul Onsu Industrial Complex. This study aims to holistically analyze the physical deterioration of facilities in the aging industrial complex and the characteristics of industrial agglomeration to derive the identity of the Seoul Onsu Industrial Complex. Based on the research findings, the complex is seeing an enhanced urban industrial agglomeration due to the influx of small-scale businesses resulting from concentrated trade networks in the metropolitan area and plot subdivision, permission for noise-producing processes, and the ease of securing highly-skilled technicians. However, this agglomeration coexists with a weakening of the complex's production function, limited innovativeness of resident companies, and non-innovative features resulting from weakened competitiveness in the metropolitan machinery industry. In summary, the identity of the Seoul Onsu Industrial Complex is a 'Non-Innovative Urban Industry Agglomeration', an old industrial complex, witnessing non-innovative agglomeration based on a machinery industry network centered in the metropolitan area.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.261-272
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• 2006

This work examines the delimitation of metropolitan areas in Canada, focusing on the Census Metropolitan Areas/Census Agglomerations(CMAs/CAs) that the Statistics Canada defines every Census year. The CMA/CA is built upon the functional-area method which is among the three approaches (i.e., density-based, land use-based, functional-area approaches) to the definition of an urban area. Importantly, the delimitation of a CMA/CA employs the Urban Area(UA) which the Statistics Canada defines via density-based and land use-based methods. In particular, the UA which has 10,000 or more residents is the urban core of a CMA/CA. Our examination of the CMA/CA in Canada also presents some points to be considered with regard to the delimitation of metropolitan areas in Korea which has yet to be implemented.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.375-388
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• 2008

The early studies on the cultural industries had mainly emphasized the viewpoint of "efficiency" based on the "flexible specialization" theory, but they have gradually shed light on the viewpoint of "creativity": creative human resources and various networks generating creative energies. Despite the importance of these studies, it is impossible to explain every cultural industrial agglomeration phenomena from specific and few viewpoints due to the diversity of each cultural industry. This study describes the dissimilarity of agglomeration factors between the Japanese animation and home video game industries which form salient agglomeration in the same region. Both industries share similar characteristics with industrial agglomeration of SMEs in Tokyo and close inter-firm relationships. However, they differ in their historical development paths and each firm's behavior and strategy because of their own distribution systems and production processes. In particular, the difference in distribution systems clearly affects whether a company values "efficiency" factors of agglomeration advantage or "creativity" factors of that in case of locational choice. The distribution sector of the cultural industry, compared with the production sector, has a tendency to value profitability rather than creation itself. Therefore, a cultural industry with the strong distribution sector tends to form the industrial system emphasizing profitability. The Japanese animation firm is apt to choose its location from the perspective of efficiency, which easily contributes to profitability, because television broadcasting stations are strong distribution sector. Conversely, the Japanese game firm chooses its location from the perspective of creativity due to the absence of strong distribution sector.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.122-138
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• 2014

The number of environment-related technologies has increased remarkably over the past two decades, as has the public's interest in effective resource use and ways to reduce the effects of global warming. Industries that are based on environment-related technologies are thus growing rapidly. Previous studies revealed that externalities derived from the population concentration in urban areas positively affect agglomerations of high-tech industries. Such externalities have been named the "knowledge spillover effect". The purposes of the present paper are to (1) give a thumbnail sketch of the locations of environment-related industries around the world, using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development environment-related patent statistics, and (2) explicate the effects of the Marshall-Arrow-Romer (MAR) and Jacobs externalities, which result from population concentrations in urban areas, on the agglomeration of environment-related industries in Sweden. The analysis revealed that environment-related industries are located chiefly in urban areas across the globe, and that only the MAR externalities influenced positively on the agglomeration of these industries in Sweden.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 1998

Education is widely recognized one of main sources for growth. This paper attempts to incorporate the general recognition into formal regional growth model. The model structure is largely neoclassical. It produces a single good with the two factors, educated labor and non-educated labor, via a constant return production migrating to the region with the higher real wage. The educated labor in a region is accumulated by two sources, migration and physical education capital, while the non-educated labor is by only migration. The paper shows that regional growth equilibrium is characterized as a saddle point. This indicates the presence of the minimum threshold size that must be overcome before a region may grow. It contrasts sharply with results obtained in regional growth models. The paper suggests that regional growth is determined less by the technical characteristics of regional production function characteristics of regional production function but by the stock combination of educated function but by the stock combination of education labor and non-educated labor. Based on this result, the impact of agglomeration economies on regional growth is explored. It is by phase diagram demonstrated that the presence of agglomeration economies do not always lead a region to growth since there still exists the minimum threshold even in the presence of agglomeration economies.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.6 s.111
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• pp.653-670
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to explore a spatial agglomeration characteristics and innovative milieu of the shoemaking industry in Seoul. In order to explain it, currently discussed dynamic agglomeration economies approach is applied and as an example, shoemaking industry in Seoul has been analyzed. The result of this research can be boardly summarized into two points. Frist, agglomeration economy is changing from urbanization economy to localization economy in this newly rising core of shoemaking industry which is Sung-Su dong area. Also, cooperative effects based on collective efficiency between companies and people are being generated within the area. This is largely affected by networking infrastructure between companies and people within the area, non-trade dependency and social capital acclamation. Secondly, the lack of institutional agglomeration formation in this area is considered to be the obstacle for the long-term development and innovation spin-off. This means recognition switch-over and institutional concern and support is needed in the future from the public sector.