• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2000

The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between the salivary flow rate and the interpretation results of salivary scan in the patients with dry mouth. Twenty-five patients with dry mouth who visited the Dept. of Oral Medicine & Oral Diagnosis, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, were included. The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate was determined by the spitting method and the stimulated whole salivary flow rate was measured with gum-base chewing. Salivary scan was performed after the infusion of $^{99m}technetium$ pertechnetate(Tc) and interpreted. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate were significantly decreased compared to normal value, which reflected the extensive destruction of salivary gland function in the patients with dry mouth. 2. The unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate were decreased in the group with decreased function in salivary scan compared with the group with normal function in salivary scan. However, there was no statistical significance between groups. 3. The difference between the stimulated and unstimulated whole salivary flow rates was greater in the group with normal function in salivary scan compared with the group with decreased function in salivary scan. 4. There was significant positive correlation between the stimulated and unstimulated whole salivary flow rates. The level of correlation was higher in the group with decreased function in salivary scan than the group with normal function in salivary scan. Collectively, these data suggested that salivary scan had the limited value. The comprehensive evaluation including history taking, clinical examination, clinical laboratory as well as the measurement of salivary flow rate are need for patients with dry mouth.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between saliva factors and oral hygiene factors in adults. Methods: The subjects were 112 adults from April 1 to June 15, 2014. The selected salivary factors included stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity and pH, and the selected oral hygiene factors included halitosis, wet weight of tongue plaque and oral humidity in dorsum and inferior surface of tongue. Results: There were significant differences in stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, oral malodor and wet weight of tongue plaque. There were significant differences according to age in stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity and wet weight of tongue plaque. Age had a negative correlation with salivary buffering capacity and had a positive correlation with wet weight of tongue plaque. Unstimulated salivary flow rate had a positive correlation with stimulated salivary flow rate, and stimulated salivary flow rate was positively correlated with oral humidity of inferior surface of tongue, salivary buffering capacity and halitosis. Oral humidity of inferior surface of tongue had a positive correlation with salivary buffering rate, pH and halitosis. Salivary buffering capacity was positively correlated with pH, and pH was negatively correlated with halitosis. Conclusions: The salivary factors were linked to the oral hygiene. As there may be great changes in salivary flow rate and oral hygiene due to various factors, the salivary factors seem to be one of the major factors to ensure oral hygiene and to promote oral health.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.331-343
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• 2001

Advances in medical procedures and utilization of medication have resulted in expanding aged population, which leads to increased aged patients with salivary hypofunction and its associated symptoms in dental clinic. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics of patients with dry mouth and its correlation with their salivary flow rate. Forty dry mouth patients (7 males, 33 females, mean age 42.0 years) whose flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva was less than 0.15 ml/min were included and their gender- and age-matched controls (7 males, 33 females, mean age 42.9 years) who did not report any complaints, suggestive of salivary gland dysfunction and had the flow rate of greater than 0.20 ml/min were included for comparison. The salivary flow rate was measured in both unstimulated and stimulated conditions. Dry mouth-related clinical information including history, dry mouth associated symptoms, exacerbating and relieving factors, drugs, systemic diseases, and family history was investigated using questionnaires. The differences in distribution of patients and control subjects to each question and their relation to the salivary flow rate were analyzed and we came to following conclusions. 1. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of patients and controls to the following questions: the period and frequency of suffering from dry mouth; severity of dry feeling during a meal; severity of discomfort during swallowing; necessity of sipping liquids during swallowing dry foods, severity of discomfort in usual life due to dry feeling; self-assessment of residual salivary volume; taking medications. 2. The patients had more stress-related medical histories including indigestion, insomnia, and gastritis compared with controls. The patients took many kinds of medications to control their systemic diseases. 3. There were statistically significant differences in the salivary flow rate between different groups of patients to following questions: severity of dry feeling during a meal; severity of discomfort during swallowing; necessity of sipping liquids during swallowing dry foods. The difference was more significant in the case of stimulated salivary flow rate rather than unstimulated one. 4. The salivary flow rate of patients taking medications was significantly less than that of patients who did not take medications. The difference was more significant in the case of stimulated salivary flow rate rather than unstimulated one.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.109-116
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• 2021

Purpose: Xerostomia is subjective feeling of dry mouth. It is complicated and multifactorial, which burdens clinicians in diagnosis and treatment of the problem. The goal of this study was to discuss the clinical importance of salivary flow rate, pH and subjective symptoms for evaluating oral dryness among young healthy male subjects. Methods: Thirty male participants were recruited in this study (mean age±standard deviation of 25.70±1.84). All participants completed 'Xerostomia Inventory' to measure subjective oral dryness scores. Unstimulated saliva and stimulated saliva were collected from each participant twice a day at 12:00 pm and 5:00 pm, using spitting method. Salivary flow rates and pH were measured immediately after collection. Relationship between objective and subjective measurements were analyzed. Results: There were excellent intra-examiner reliability for salivary flow rate and pH and good internal consistency for Xerostomia Inventory. Objective measurements and subjective symptoms did not exhibit positive association. Salivary flow rate in unstimulated and stimulated condition showed positive association and also for salivary pH. Stimulated salivary flow rate also presented positive correlation with stimulated salivary pH. Conclusions: Comprehensive assessment of objective measurements and subjective symptoms may be complimentary for assessing oral dryness, which would assist in implementing early interventions to improve patient's quality of life.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2023

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare changes of salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity, and S. mutans after using a mouthwash containing essential oil or probiotics widely used as oral lactic acid bacteria in the oral environment. Methods : Fifty-three healthy adults aged 20 years or older voluntarily participated in this study after they were informed of the purpose of this study. Subjects were divided into a group treated with probiotics (L. reuteri) and a group treated with mouthwash containing essential oil. To evaluate changes in the oral environment, salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity, and S. mutans test were performed at baseline and 4 weeks later. Unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow samples were collected for 5 minutes and results were recorded in ml per minute. Salivary buffering capacity was divided into scores of 1 (low), 2 (moderate) and 3 (high) according to the color of the strip. The amount of S. mutans was classified as scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 according to the decision table. Data collected in this study were analyzed at the 95 % significance level using the SPSS Version 23.0 program. Results : Both the unstimulated salivary flow rate and the stimulated salivary flow rate increased statistically after the intervention compared to those before intervention in the probiotics group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the probiotics group and the mouthwash group. Salivary buffering capacity and S. mutans results showed no statistically significant differences between the probiotics group and the mouthwash group either. The salivary buffering capacity and the salivary flow rate showed a positive correlation. Conclusion : To improve the oral environment, such as salivary flow rate and salivary buffering capacity, an optimal product can be selected in consideration of individual preference and cost-effectiveness.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.617-621
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• 1977

In order to comparatively observe the salivary cariogenic factors contributing to permanent tooth caries development in each sexes of Korean, the author performed estimation of unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates, salivary viscosity test, and salivary buffering capacity test in 50 males and 50 females Koreans aged form the age 20 to 29. Thereafter, the data from the four kinds of caries activity test were analysed and evaluated comparatively. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Unstimulated salivary flow rate for five minutes was 2.2ml in males and 1.7ml in females but the sexual difference was not significant statistically. 2. Stimulated salivary flow rate for five minutes was 7.1ml in males and 4.8ml in females. 3. Salivary viscosity was 1.9 in males and 1.7 in females but the sexual diffrence was not significant statistically. 4. Salivary buffering capacity was 8.5 drops in males and 6.7 drops in females 5. It seems the stimulated salivary flow rate and buffering capacity to be the anti-cariogenic factors in the occurrence of permanent tooth caries in Koreans.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2000

This study was to investigate normal salivary flow rates and normal indices of Quantitative analysis of salivary scintigraphy. 96 adult volunteers were studied by Questionnaire evaluating salivary conditions and clinical examinations. 35(male 23, female 12, age range 23-31years) that absented subjective and objective symptoms related saliva were classified as normal group. The normal group underwent measurement unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates and salivary scintigraphy. The obtained results were as follows: 1. There were not significant in sex differences of unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates. The unstimulated salivary flow rate was $0.66{\pm}0.41g/min$, stimulated salivary flow rates was $1.61{\pm}0.69g/min$. 2. As comparing of parameters of salivary scintigraphy, the Uptake ratio(UR), $T_{max}$, $T_{min}$, Maximum accumulation (MA), Maximum secretion(MS) of parotid and submandibular glands were not significant in sex and side-ralated differences. 3. The UR, $T_{max}$, MA, MS of parotid gland were significantly higher than those of submandibular gland; in the parotid gland, UR, $3.67{\pm}0.88$, $T_{max}$, $18.77{\pm}0.43min$, MA, $41.35{\pm}9.22%$, MS, $43.13{\pm}9.13%$; in the submandibular gland, UR, $3.04{\pm}0.10$, $T_{max}$, $18.48{\pm}0.52min$, MA, $36.47{\pm}14.18%$, MS, $36.88{\pm}12.20%$. 4. As classifying of time-activity curve, the most of parotid gland was N-type(97.1%), submandibular gland was observed in order of M-type(67.1%), N-type(21.4%), F-type(11.4%), however, was not observed S-type. 5. As the type of time-activity curve of submandibular gland was more flattened, the UR, $T_{max}$, MA, MS were significantly decresed.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.57-63
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and cariogenic activity using unstimulated saliva of the head and neck cancer patients. Twenty three cancer patients (19 males, 4 females) who had undergone chemotherapy and radiation therapy and twenty four healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females) as a control were included. Salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and cariogenic activity using unstimulated saliva were examined. Compared to saliva of the control group, salivary flow rate (p<0.001) and salivary pH (p<0.001) were significantly lower in head and neck cancer patients. The colony counts of Lactobacilli was higher in head and neck cancer patients (p<0.05) than in control group. These salivary factors and cariogenic activity can increase the prevalence of dental caries in head and neck cancer patients.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.347-359
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pilocarpine containing chewing gum on anti-microbial components in whole saliva of xerostomic patients, The objective xerostomic patients were instructed to use 5mg-pilocarpine containing chewing gum for 20minutes three times per day, and the author measured the flow rates of unstimulated whole saliva and stimulated whole saliva at the beginning the treatment, 1,2,3, and 4 weeks after. The concentration and flow rate of anti-microbial components in whole saliva were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The obtained results were as follows: 1. There were significant increase in the unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 2. The concentrations of IgA in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed increasing pattern but, no significant changes, arid the flow rates of IgA in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 3. The concentrations of IgM in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed increasing pattern but, no significant changes, and the flow rates of IgM in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 4. The concentrations of lactoferrin in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes, and the flow rates of lactoferrin in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 5. The concentrations of lysozyme in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes, and the flow rates of lysozyme in the unstimulated whole saliva showed significant increase, but in stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-45
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of pilocarpine-containing chewing gum for the treatment of xerostomia and to compare the effect of pilocarpine-containing chewing gum with that of pilocarpine oral administration. The 20 subjective and objective xerostomic patients were included in this study and divided into 3 groups. Five subjects were included in gum base chewing group, 10 in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing, and 5 in pilocarpine oral administration. The author measured unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, stimulated parotid salivary flow rate, pH of resting whole saliva, viscosity of stimulated whole saliva, and subjective symptoms and discomforts using VAS(visual analogue scale) at the beginning of the experiment. And the author investigated the changes of these factors at 1, 2, 3, and 4 week after. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There were significant increases in the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. 2. There was a significant increase in the stimulated parotid salivary flow rate in pilocarpine- containing gum chewing group. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine- containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. 3. The change of salivary pH showed the increasing pattern in all groups. But there was no significant difference among groups. 4. There were no significant changes in the values of salivary viscosity in all groups through the experimental period. 5. There were significant decreases of VAS(visual analogue scale) in the degree of subjective symptoms and discomforts in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine- containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups.