• 물과 미래
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.64-68
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• 2010

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.855-866
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• 2001

An important issue for qualified science teacher education should be a proper system of pre-service education for the science teacher. There are various types of science teacher education systems in accordance with their socio-cultural backgrounds. In this paper, science teacher education systems were analysed into 3 different types: Focusing Undergraduate Certification of Education (FUCE), Open Undergraduate Certification of Education (OUCE), and Post Graduate Certification of Education (PGCE). Science teacher education systems and their outcomes, such as the quality of the science teacher, were discussed with their socio-cultural backgrounds, compared by the 3 types of science teacher education systems. For this the results of meta-analysis from TIMSS-R and OECD data sets were used. Special interests focused on countries; Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States, which would represent stereotypes of science teacher education systems and different backgrounds of oriental and western culture.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.139-161
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• 2012

The United States National Innovation system has many distinctive aspects and its government research institutes (GRI's) play a variety of important roles within the overall system. This paper reviews issues pertaining to U.S. GRI's but within the broader concept of US science and technology policy. After presenting an overview of the GRI's in this broader context, the paper presents a brief historical analysis of changes in the roles and deployment of U.S. GRI's. After identifying unique features of GRI's (ones that separate the U.S. GRI's from other nations) the paper concludes by identifying the ways in which the U.S. experience may be relevant to other nations such as Korea. The lessons include the competition-cooperation with large-scale and multidisciplinary university research centers, the use of GRI's to promote sharing and efficiencies in fundamental scientific equipment and resources, and the ability of GRI's to accelerate the development of science and technology.

• 정보화연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.187-199
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• 2014

미국, 영국, 나토는 불확실한 미래 합동작전을 위한 합동 능력을 구축하기 위해 합동 개념을 발전시켜 적용하고 합동능력 관리체계를 개발하여 운영하고 있다. 그 중 미군은 능력을 기반으로 전력을 기획하여, 예산을 편성하고, 집행하여 평가는 PPBEE 체계를 운영하고 있다. 또한 미군은 합동능력영역(JCA), 합동과제목록(UJTL) 등을 중심으로 합동능력관리체계(JCAMS)를 개발하여 운영하고 있다. 최근 한국군도 이러한 능력 개념을 도입하고 관리하기 위한 시스템을 개발하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 본 논문은 미군의 합동능력관리체계를 참고하여 한국군에 적합한 능력관리 통합메커니즘을 제안한다. 제안한 통합메커니즘을 통하여 우리군은 효율적이고 효과적으로 합동능력 관리체계(JCMS)를 구축 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제46권
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• pp.290-318
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• 2001

In 1981, Chile has fundamentally reformed the public pension system from the pay-as-you-go system (PAYGs) to the full funding defined contribution system managed by the private funding companies. The Chilean privatization reform influenced not only the neighbor South American countries but also the advanced countries. The United Kingdom contracted out the state earning related pension system. Australia and Sweden recently introduced the private investment accounts system. And now the hot debates on the privatization of the social security pension is going on in the United States of America. This wind of privatizing the public pension system is being backed up by the New Liberalism, the nowadays' strongest ideology. Besides, the theoretical and idealogical debate between the World Bank and the ILO/ISSA was happened in the middle of 1990s. The World Bank, the supporter of the international financial capital, insisted the introducing of the full funding individual accounts system and the abolition of the existing PAYGs. The ILO/ISSA apposed the World Bank's policies and advocated the moderate reform of the PAYGs. In this paper, I reviewed the Chilean reform, the World Bank's report and the opposing argument of the ILO/ISSA against it, and analysed the core issues of the two sides. Also, I tried to present the suggestions to the Korean public pension systems. Through the discussing the debate, we made certain of the importance of the basic issues in the social security system like equity vs. adequacy, inter-generational redistribution vs. intra-generational redistribution and welfare vs. economy, once again.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.358-369
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the costs of nursing interventions implemented for the obstetrical and gynecological patients using Korean Reimbursement System and ABC codes system developed in the US for costing out interventions performed by health care professional. Methods: First, the narrative data on nursing interventions were extracted from electronic medical record system of a tertiary university and mapped with Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) by two researchers until 100% consent was reached. Narrative nursing interventions mapped with NIC were then remapped with ABC codes system using the electronic program developed in the research. The mapping data were analyzed with real numbers, frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Results: More nursing interventions were mapped with ABC codes than Korean reimbursement system. Total of 97 different types of narrative interventions could be mapped with NIC, 43 NIC interventions could be reimbursed by ABC code but only 16 NIC interventions were reimbursed by Korea Reimbursement System. Conclusion: Korean medical insurance fee system needs amendment to include more comprehensively interventions performed by nurses which are very important to patient outcomes. Further study is needed to develop strategies to costing out nursing interventions.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-31
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• 2010

Biotechnology has strategic importance related to the development of start-up companies, industries and nations in the near future. Therefore, many countries have promoted and developed biotechnology. The United States has led the world in promoting biotechnology. American biotechnology policies are diverse, and thus no comprehensive systematic studies have been done on it. In our paper, we will discuss American biotechnology policy in detail. For effective analysis, we will rely on the concept of a national innovation system, which emphasizes the institutional settings of innovation actors and their interaction. This paper deals with the American national innovation system for biotechnology. We will analyze the role of major actors, academia, public research institutes, and venture companies and their interactions. The American biotechnological innovation system is composed of diverse actors and numerous start-up companies in the biotechnology industry. In addition, there are many diverse policy programs for promoting biotechnology. Because of country-specific frame conditions, every country has different institutional settings and policies for promoting biotechnology. Our paper will render meaningful implications for various countries. We also think that this paper will be of interest for international readers.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.771-783
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• 2019

Due to nonlinear-synthetic uncertainty including the total unknown nonlinear load torque, the total parameter variation and the fixed load torque, a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) driving a continuously variable transmission (CVT) system causes a lot of nonlinear effects. Linear control methods make it hard to achieve good control performance. To increase the control performance and reduce the influence of nonlinear time-synthetic uncertainty, an admixed recurrent Gegenbauer orthogonal polynomials neural network (ARGOPNN) with a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) control system is proposed to achieve better control performance. The ARGOPNN with a MPSO control system is composed of an observer controller, a recurrent Gegenbauer orthogonal polynomial neural network (RGOPNN) controller and a remunerated controller. To insure the stability of the control system, the RGOPNN controller with an adaptive law and the remunerated controller with a reckoned law are derived according to the Lyapunov stability theorem. In addition, the two learning rates of the weights in the RGOPNN are regulating by using the MPSO algorithm to enhance convergence. Finally, three types of experimental results with comparative studies are presented to confirm the usefulness of the proposed ARGOPNN with a MPSO control system.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2022

최근 러시아가 우크라이나에 발사한 킨잘 미사일은 실전에서 최초로 사용된 극초음속 순항미사일 마하 5이상의 빠른 속력으로 비행한다. 빠른 속력은 강력한 파괴력으로 이어지며, 방어체계의 요격가능시간을 극단적으로 단축시킨다. 따라서 극초음속 미사일은 다층화된 방어체계가 구축된 미국조차도 요격에 어려움을 인정하고 있는 게임체인저가 될 수 있다. 미국, 러시아, 중국 및 북한 등 군사강국 들은 공격무기인 극초음속 미사일 개발에 집중하고 있으나 방어체계 능력은 부족한 실정이다. 이러한 관점에서 본 논문은 주요국의 극초음속 미사일 개발현황과 방어체계 능력을 식별하고 이를 기반으로 우리 군의 대응방안을 모색하고자 한다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.701-714
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• 2008

본 연구는 미국 지역을 사례로 겨울철 및 여름철에 장기간 지속되는 이상고온기 발생에 유리한 종관 규모의 매커니즘을 밝힌다. 여름철 이상고온기는 주로 미국의 남중부 지역에서 발생하는 반면, 겨울철 이상고온기는 미서부 지역에서 발생한다. 지상 및 상층 기압장 자료 분석 결과, 이러한 이상고온기는 태평양과 대서양의 아열대 고기압들의 활동과 밀접하게 관련되어있다. 장기간 지속되는 여름철 이상고온기는 중층 및 상층 블러킹 고기압의 활동에 의해 형성되는 매우 안정된 대기 조건하에서 주로 발생한다. 또한 이 시기에는 지표강제력으로 상대적으로 높은 보웬비(Bowen ratio)가 나타나지만, 따뜻한 공기의 이류의 영향은 크지 않다. 반면, 장기간 지속되는 겨울철 이상고온기는 블러킹 고기압에 의한 단열 기온 상승뿐만 아니라 따뜻한 공기의 이류의 복합적인 작용에 의해 나타난다. 그러나 이 시기의 지표 강제력의 영향은 약하다.