• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 2005

Foliated metamorphic, stratified sedimentary and regularity jointed rocks have properties(physical, mechanical) that vary with direction (${\beta}^{\circ}$) and are said to be anisotropic. The ground in Daegu area consists of shales, clastic sedimentary rocks. These shales have plane anisotropic or transversely isotropy characteristics. Engineering characteristics of shale in Daegu area are investigated by performing a series of rock test to the bedding(${\beta}$ =0, 30, 60, and 90 degrees). The results of tests show that the uniaxial compressive strength is a maximum at ${\beta}$ = 0, $90^{\circ}$ and is a minimum when ${\beta}$ is around 60 degree.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1996

Pocheon granite specimens were thermally treated with cycles of predetermined temperatures ranging 2$0^{\circ}C$ to $600^{\circ}C$. Characterization of thermally-induced microcracks were carried out using optical microscopy and their effect on the various physical & mechanical properties were studied. Generally. uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, elastic wave velocity and specific gravity were found to decrease with increasing temperature. From 30$0^{\circ}C$ upwards, negative lateral strains were observed, which resulted in negative Poisson's ratio. Dynamic Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were found to be generally most sensitive indicators to thermal cracking.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.219-228
• /
• 2022

The most widely used parameter to represent rock abrasiveness is the Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI). The CAI value can be applied to predict wear in TBM cutters. It has been extensively demonstrated that the CAI is affected significantly by cementation degree, strength, and amount of abrasive minerals, i.e., the quartz content or equivalent quartz content in rocks. The relationship between the properties of rocks and the CAI is investigated in this study. A database comprising 223 observations that includes rock types, uniaxial compressive strengths, Brazilian tensile strengths, equivalent quartz contents, quartz contents, brittleness indices, and CAIs is constructed. A linear model is developed by selecting independent variables while considering multicollinearity after performing multiple regression analyses. Machine learning-based regression methods including support vector regression, regression tree regression, k-nearest neighbors regression, random forest regression, and artificial neural network regression are used in addition to multiple linear regression. The results of the random forest regression model show that it yields the best prediction performance.

• 지구물리
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.127-138
• /
• 2000

시멘트 모르타르 재료에 대한 동탄성계수와 정탄성계수의 차이를 고찰하고자 일곱 단계의 물시멘트 혼합비에 대해 다양한 길이의 시료를 제작, 시험하였다. 이들 시료의 동탄성계수 및 정탄성계수는 비중 측정, 초음파 전파 속도 측정 및 일축 압축 시험을 통해 결정되었으며, 시료에 대해 측정된 P파 및 S파 속도 분석은 기존의 아날로그 방식이 아닌 디지털 방식을 통해 수행되었다. 일련의 자료 처리 과정을 지친 디지털 방식 자료는, 초음파 전파 속도를 정밀하게 분석하는데 결정적인 역할을 할 수 있음이 확인되었으며, 복수 시료를 이용한 거리 변화에 따른 파의 지연 시간 변화를 이용한 속도 산정 방식이, 단일 시료 길이와 전파 시간을 이용한 기존 속도 산정 방식보다 더욱 정밀한 값을 보여주는 것으로 판명되었다. 밀도는 시료의 P파 및 5파 속도와 뚜렷한 양의 상관성을 보여주며, 일축 압축 강도 역시, 밀도와 뚜렷한 양의 상관성을 보여준다. 초음파 전파 속도를 통해 측정된 동탄성계수$(E_D)$와 일축 압축 시험을 통해 측정된 정탄성계수$(E_S)$의 비율$(E_D/E_S)$은 시료의 강도가 커질수록 함께 커지는 경향을 보여주었으며, 모든 시료에 대해 항상 동탄성계수가 정탄성계수보다 높게 평가됨이 확인되었다. 그러나 동포아송비$({\nu}_D)$와 정포아송비$({\nu}_S)$의 비율$({\nu}_D/{\nu}_S)$은 강도와 특별한 상관성을 보여주지 않았으며, 그 비율도 $69{\sim}122\;%$정도로 동포아송비와 정포아송비가 큰 차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.333-342
• /
• 2019

Geological dynamic hazards during coal mining can be caused by the failure of a composite system consisting of roof rock and coal layers, subject to different loading rates due to different advancing velocities in the working face. In this paper, the uniaxial compression test simulations on the composite rock-coal layers were performed using $PFC^{2D}$ software and especially the effects of loading rate on the stress-strain behavior, strength characteristics and crack nucleation, propagation and coalescence in a composite layer were analyzed. In addition, considering the composite layer, the mechanisms for the advanced bore decompression in coal to prevent the geological dynamic hazards at a rapid advancing velocity of working face were explored. The uniaxial compressive strength and peak strain are found to increase with the increase of loading rate. After post-peak point, the stress-strain curve shows a steep stepped drop at a low loading rate, while the stress-strain curve exhibits a slowly progressive decrease at a high loading rate. The cracking mainly occurs within coal, and no apparent cracking is observed for rock. While at a high loading rate, the rock near the bedding plane is damaged by rapid crack propagation in coal. The cracking pattern is not a single shear zone, but exhibits as two simultaneously propagating shear zones in a "X" shape. Following this, the coal breaks into many pieces and the fragment size and number increase with loading rate. Whereas a low loading rate promotes the development of tensile crack, the failure pattern shows a V-shaped hybrid shear and tensile failure. The shear failure becomes dominant with an increasing loading rate. Meanwhile, with the increase of loading rate, the width of the main shear failure zone increases. Moreover, the advanced bore decompression changes the physical property and energy accumulation conditions of the composite layer, which increases the strain energy dissipation, and the occurrence possibility of geological dynamic hazards is reduced at a rapid advancing velocity of working face.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.287-293
• /
• 2019

국내 화력발전소의 석탄회 발생량은 매년 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 특히 Fly Ash보다 상대적으로 생산량이 15 % 정도로 적은 저회의 경우 적은 생산량에도 불구하고 재활용률이 낮아 발전소에 단순 매립되어 있는 실정이다. 하지만, 발전소 마다 매립장이 포화상태에 있고, 새로운 매립장 건설이 어려운 상황이다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 매립석탄회를 토목 공사에의 대규모 적용을 촉진하는 방안이 가장 합리적인 방안이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 산업폐기물인 석탄재와 항만 준설을 하면서 대량으로 매립되고 있는 준설토를 혼합한 혼합토의 표층고화처리공법에 대한 적용성을 검토하기 위해서 유동성 및 일축압축시험을 통한 역학적 거동 특성을 연구하였다. 시험결과, 유동성은 준설토와 석탄회 혼합토의 경우 함수비 91-92%에서 유동성 200 mm를 확보하여 우수했고, 준설토 100 %와 모래와 석탄회의 혼합토는 상대적으로 낮은 유동성을 나타냈다. 일축압축강도 역시 준설토와 석탄회의 혼합토는 28일 강도에서 요구 강도 159 kN/㎡을 만족하면서 우수한 결과를 나타냈으나, 그 외 시료들은 요구 강도를 만족하지 못하는 결과를 나타냈다. 본 연구에서는 시멘트와 양생 기간에 따른 압축강도 거동 예측식을 제시하였다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 제20권1호
• /
• pp.261-264
• /
• 2008

횡방향으로 구속된 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 거동은 구속되지 않은 콘크리트와는 다른 거동을 한다. 보통강도 콘크리트에서 구속효과를 고려한 콘크리트 재료모델로는 Mander 모델이 대표적이며 고강도 콘크리트의 구속효과의 경우 여러 연구자들에 의하여 제안된 모델 중 공시체 수준의 실험결과와 잘 일치하는 Sakino-Sun 모델을 사용하였다. 보통강도에서는 Mander모델을 고강도 콘크리트에서는 Sakino-Sun 모델을 사용하였으나 중간 강도인 30-40MPa의 강도에서 Mander 모델과 Sakino-Sun 모델의 적용시 실험결과와 해석결과가 다소 차이를 보이며 또한 두 모델은 적용할 수 있는 최대 또는 최소 콘크리트 압축강도의 한계범위가 명확하지 않다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 30-40MPa의 강도의 횡방향으로 구속된 콘크리트의 비선형 재료모델을 제안하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.73-85
• /
• 2014

암반설계에 필요한 암반의 강도정수 값을 산정할 시에는, 암반 내 원위치시험이 극히 제한적이며 비용이 고가여서 주로 Hoek-Brown 파괴기준을 이용한 추정식을 사용하고 있다. Hoek-Brown 파괴기준식을 사용할 때에는 이 식을 Mohr-Coulomb 파괴기준식으로 변경하여야 지반의 강도정수 값을 추정할 수 있다. 그러나 파괴기준의 변경과정은 계산 및 분석단계 등 여러 단계를 거쳐야 하는 불편함이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현장에서 접할 수 있는 다양한 조건의 암반상태를 모델링한 후, 일차적으로 Hoek-Brown 파괴기준을 이용하여 강도정수 값을 산정하였다. 그 결과를 분석하여 RMC, 암석의 일축압축강도(${\sigma}_c$), 암석계수($m_i$)의 3가지 사용요소를 이용하여 한번의 계산과정을 통해 암반의 강도정수를 추정할 수 있는 추정식 및 현장에서 손쉽게 강도정수를 산정할 수 있는 추정도표를 제안하였다. 이러한 제안 도표 및 제안식을 기존의 Hoek-Brown 및 Mohr-Coulomb 파괴기준식과 비교, 검토함으로써 본 제안의 타당성을 검증하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.53-73
• /
• 2023

Man-made structure materials like concrete usually contain inclusions. These inclusions affect the mechanical properties of concrete. In this investigation, the influence of inclusion length and inclination angle on three-dimensional failure mechanism of concrete under uniaxial compression were performed using experimental test and numerical simulation. Approach of acoustic emission were jointly used to analyze the damage and fracture process. Besides, by combining the stress-strain behavior, quantitative determination of the thresholds of crack stress were done. concrete specimens with dimensions of 120 mm × 150 mm × 100 mm were provided. One and two holes filled by gypsum are incorporated in concrete samples. To build the inclusion, firstly cylinder steel tube was pre-inserting into the concrete and removing them after the initial hardening of the specimen. Secondly, the gypsum was poured into the holes. Tensile strengths of concrete and gypsum were 2.45 MPa and 1.5 MPa, respectively. The angle bertween inclusions and axial loadind ary from 0 to 90 with increases of 30. The length of inclusion vary from 25 mm to 100 mm with increases of 25 mm. Diameter of the hole was 20 mm. Entirely 20 various models were examined under uniaxial test. Simultaneous with experimental tests, numerical simulation (Particle flow code in two dimension) were carried out on the numerical models containing the inclusions. The numerical model were calibrated firstly by experimental outputs and then failure behavior of models containing inclusions have been investigated. The angle bertween inclusions and axial loadind vary from 0 to 90 with increases of 15. The length of inclusion vary from 25 mm to 100 mm with increases of 25 mm. Entirely 32 various models were examined under uniaxial test. Loading rate was 0.05 mm/sec. The results indicated that when inclusion has occupied 100% of sample thickness, two tensile cracks originated from boundaries of sample and spread parallel to the loading direction until being integrated together. When inclusion has occupied 75% of sample thickness, four tensile cracks originated from boundaries of sample and spread parallel to the loading direction until being integrated together. When inclusions have occupied 50% and 25% of sample thickness, four tensile cracks originated from boundaries of sample and spread parallel to the loading direction until being integrated together. Also the inclusion was failed by one tensile crack. The compressive strength of samples decease with the decreases of the inclusions length, and inclusion angle had some effects on that. Failure of concrete is mostly due to the tensile crack. The behavior of crack, was affected by the inclusion length and inclusion number.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.241-256
• /
• 2010

The interaction between steel tube and concrete core is the key issue for understanding the behavior of concrete-filled steel tube columns (CFTs). This study investigates the force transfer by natural bond or by mechanical shear connectors and the interaction between the steel tube and the concrete core under three types of loading. Two and three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models are developed to study the force transfer between steel tube and concrete core. The nonlinear finite element program ABAQUS is used. Material and geometric nonlinearities of concrete and steel are considered in the analysis. The damage plasticity model provided by ABAQUS is used to simulate the concrete material behavior. Comparisons between the finite element analyses and own experimental results are made to verify the finite element models. A good agreement is observed between the numerical and experimental results. Parametric studies using the numerical models are performed to investigate the effects of diameterto-thickness ratio, uniaxial compressive strength of concrete, length of shear connectors, and the tensile strength of shear connectors.