• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2019

Underwater architecture in providing a comfortable living space underwater is mandated to survive prevailing environmental loads, especially hydrostatic ambient water pressure exerted on the structure of individual habitat hulls at depth and hydrodynamic fluctuation of external forces that perturb the postural equilibrium and mooring stability of the underwater housing system, for which the design including the hull shape and mooring system constraint the responses. In this study, the postural stability of a proposed underwater floating housing system with three vertically connected ellipsoidal-shape habitat hulls of different sizes are theorized and calculated for hydrostatic stability, using MATLAB in the volumetric integration of a hull and the weight of operational loads under assumed scenarios. The assumptions made in the numerical method to estimate the stability of the habitat system include the fixed weight of the hulls, and their adjustable loads within operational limits for the set meteorological oceanic conditions. The purpose of this study was to numerically manipulate a) The buoyancy and b) The adjusted center of mass of the system within the range of designed external and internal load changes, by which the effective mooring system capability and postural equilibrium requirements were argued with the quantitative analysis.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.687-698
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• 2021

We present quantitative estimations of changes in the areal extent of coral reef habitats at Weno Island, Micronesia, using high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images and field observations. Coral reef habitat maps were generated from Kompsat-2 satellite images for September 2008 and September 2010, yielding classifications with 78.6% and 72.4% accuracy, respectively, which is a relatively high level of agreement. The difference between the number of pixels occupied by each seabed type was calculated, revealing that the areal extent of living corals decreased by 8.2 percentage points between 2008 and 2010. This result is consistent with a comparison of the seabed types determined by field observations. This study can be used as a basis for remediation planning to diminish the impact of changes in coral reefs.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.130-133
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• 2019

수중(submerged)에 부유(floating)식으로 계류되는 거주목적의 구조체 설계(design basis) 관련 연구로서 계류안정성 모델(수중가옥)을 만들고 거동을 정수압적 유체역학적으로 수치분석한다. 임의 가정한 수중가옥의 1)배수량 규모 2) 함체형상에 따른 환경압 하에서의 계류안정성을 a)부력중심, b)무게중심과 가변하중의 변위에 따른 c)함체 기울기를 MATLAB프로그램을 이용하여 산정한다. 나아가 수중가옥의 동적(hydrodynamic) 계류안정성을 임의 시공 장소인 독도의 기상청 울릉도-독도 부이 최근 관측치를 근거로 OrcaFlex프로그램을 이용하여 분석하므로써 수중가옥의 수중건축 시공간상 계류안정성 설계요건(design basis)을 구체화 한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.729-742
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• 2020

본 연구는 강릉 경포해변에서 약 500 m 거리에 위치한 노출암인 십리바위 주변에 발달한 사질-수중암반 해역에 대한 해저지형자료를 기반으로 해저면영상 및 수중영상과 드론영상 등을 중첩하고 통합 분석하여 동해 북부 연안 서식지의 해저면 환경 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 십리바위 주변 약 600 m × 600 m 해역을 연구 범위로 선정하고 총 3회 현장자료를 획득하였다. 무인도서인 십리바위는 크게 2 개 노출암과 주변의 여러 돌출암, 노출암 및 수중암초들이 작은 군도 형태를 이루며 형성되어 있다. 십리바위 서쪽으로는 약 200 ~ 300 개의 인공구조물들에 의한 해중림초가 조성되어 있다. 십리바위 주변 약 600 m × 600 m 범위 해역의 수중암반지대는 수심 약 9 m ~ 11 m 범위 내에서 주로 발달해 있으며, 노출된 십리바위 남서쪽 주변으로는 암반지대가 수면 위에서부터 해저면으로 연장되어 발달된 특징을 보이고 있다. 동남쪽의 수심 약 10 m ~ 13 m 해역에는 가장 넓은 수중암반지대가 나타난다. 십리바위 주변해역은 총 4 가지 Type의 해저면 환경 특성이 나타나는데, 수중암반지대(Type I)가 가장 많이 분포하고 있다. 수중암반지대가 발달한 구간 주변이나 사이 및 십리바위 서쪽 방향의 경포해변으로 이어지는 해역은 연성기반의 사질 퇴적층이 나타나며, 조립한 사질 퇴적층이 형성되어 있는 구간(Type II: gS(gravelly Sand)과 세립한 사질 퇴적층구간(Type III: S(Sand)으로 나뉘어 분포하는 특징을 보이고 있다. 십리바위의 서쪽해역 일부 구간에는 인공적으로 형성된 해중림초(TypeIV)가 조성되어 있다. 수중 합성영상 촬영 범위인 십리바위 북서쪽의 약 10 m × 10 m의 수중암반지대에 형성되어 있는 서식지에는 해조류(약 6종), 해면동물(약 2종), 극피동물(약 3종), 연체동물(약 3종) 그리고 척삭동물(약 2종) 등이 우점하여 서식하고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 수면 위 십리바위 조간대 범위에는 두드럭배말, 굵은줄격판담치 등의 연체동물과 거북손, 조무래기따개비 등의 절지동물들이 서식하고 있으며 그 범위와 분포 양상을 해저지형자료와 드론영상을 통합 분석한 자료에서 파악이 가능하다. 본 연구에서 파악하고 확인한 십리바위 및 주변 해역의 서식지 환경 특성은 해저지형자료를 기반으로 해저면영상, 표층퇴적물 시료, 수중영상 그리고 드론영상 등의 자료들을 통합 분석한 결과로 2차원의 분석 자료들을 3차원의 시각화된 주제도로 도출함으로써 해저지형 특성에 따른 서식 환경 특성 연구에 기여하고자 하였다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.548-561
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• 2019

말잘피 게바다말은 우리나라 동해안의 암반조하대에 우점하는 잘피로, 이 곳 연안생태계에서 중요한 기능을 수행한다. 그러나 심한 파도에 노출된 거친 생육 환경으로 인해 지금까지 게바다말의 생태 자료는 미비한 실정이다. 본 조사에서는 동해남부해역에 서식하는 게바다말의 생태적 특성을 알아보기 위해 2017년 8월부터 2018년 7월까지 게바다말 군락지의 환경과 게바다말의 형태적 특성, 밀도, 생체량과 잎 생산성의 변화를 조사하였다. 수중광량과 수온은 봄과 여름에 증가하고 가을과 겨울에 감소하는 뚜렷한 계절 경향을 보였다. 해수의 영양염 농도는 조사 시기마다 유의한 차이를 보였으나, 뚜렷한 계절 변동은 나타나지 않았다. 게바다말의 형태, 밀도, 생체량과 잎 생산성도 가을에 감소하고 봄에 증가하였다. 게바다말의 육수화서는 2월 이후 나타났고, 5월에 최대 비율(15.8%)을 보인 후 8월 이후 탈락되었다. 게바다말의 개체당 및 단위면적당 평균 잎 생산성은 각각 2.1 mg sht^-1 d^-1과 7.5 g m^-2 d^-1이었다. 게바다말의 생장이 가장 활발한 수온은 13-14℃로 조사되었다. 게바다말의 잎 생산성은 수중광량, 수온, 영양염 농도와 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 이 지역이 게바다말 생장에 필요한 충분한 빛, 적절한 수온 범위와 영양염 농도를 제공함을 의미한다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to monitor and evaluate the schooling characteristics, including the distribution density (volume backscattering strength) and acoustic size (target strength), of commercially valuable species swimming in response to artificial reefs installed at Suyeong Man, Busan, Korea. Fish aggregations at two artificial reef areas and at a nearby natural rocky reef habitat were recorded and analyzed using a 70 kHz split-beam echo sounder and 330 kHz side-scan sonar from August to September, 2006. An underwater CCTV camera system was also used to observe marine organisms in physical contact with and swimming very close to artificial reefs. During the acoustic observations at three reef sites, useful information about schooling characteristics of fish aggregations responding to artificial reefs were obtained, but more trials are needed to confirm significant differences in schooling behavior and geographical distributions in areas containing natural reef structures and artificial reefs.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.278-291
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• 2024

This study performed three research methods (destructive, non-destructive, and panoramic image analysis) to determine the most useful for identifying seaweed habitat characteristics. Panoramic images are suitable for understanding the overall seaweed distribution. The composition of the main dominant seaweed species showed a significant difference between the destructive and non-destructive methods using Quadrat. The destructive method showed Rhodophyta dominance, whereas the non-destructive was showed Phaeophyta as dominant. Destructive methods are disadvantageous because they destroy natural communities in sea areas where bleaching is severe. Non-destructive methods are disadvantageous because of the difficulty in analyzing small species. Performing 10 surveys using a non-destructive method was found to explain up to 80% of the species identified by the destructive method. However, considering the difficulty of field investigation, repeating the investigation with non-destructive methods at least 6-7 times is necessary to ensure that more than 60% of the destructive methods can be interpreted. To understand the distribution of oceanic marine algae, performing both destructive and non-destructive surveys are necessary, as each has its own merits and demerits.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1563-1572
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• 2014

The autecology of the Zostera marina and Z. japonica was studied in populations growing in the same locality (Sagumi Bay, southwestern coast of Korea). Environmental factors and plant characteristics were examined monthly from August 2008 to September 2011. Along intertidal zone, Z. japonica (0.1-0.5 m above mean lower low water, MLLW) occurred above Z. marina (0.5-2.5 m MLLW). Tidal exposure at low tide during day was the highest in the spring and the lowest in the summer. Underwater Irradiance showed seasonal fluctuation that was the highest in spring and summer caused by tidal pattern. Strong seasonal patterns in water temperature appeared to control the seasonal variations in morphology, biomass and leaf growth. The seasonal pattern of Z. japonica resembled that of the Z. marina in morphological characteristics, above-and below-ground biomass, whereas it differed in shoot density and leaf elongation. Despite some similarities in seasonal growth patterns, the patterns of Z. japonica were lagged by 2 month of Z. marina. Seasonal variation in the above biomass of Z. marina was caused by changes in density and plant size, whereas that of Z. japonica was mainly caused by changes in shoot density. Zostera marina was more sensitive to high temperatures than Z. japonica, and the increasing water temperature during the summer became the factor that inhibits the growth of the Z. marina. Zostera Japonica, there is no clear change according to the amount of the light. It is because its habitat locates above that of Zostera marina so that the amount of the light that is necessary to growth is enough and in this condition, any preventing factor does not seem to work at all. Although underwater light getting into Zostera marina's habitat is very low level and there is no any hindrance to the survival of them, it prevents them from their productivity a bit.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1390-1411
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• 2024

Underwater Wireless Sensors Networks (UWSNs) are deployed in remotely monitored environment such as water level monitoring, ocean current identification, oil detection, habitat monitoring and numerous military applications. Providing scalable and efficient routing is very challenging in UWSNs due to the harsh underwater environment. The biggest difficulties are the nodes inherent movement due to water current, long delay in data transmission, low bandwidth of the acoustic signal, high error rate and energy scarcity in battery powered nodes. Many routing protocols have been proposed to solve the aforementioned problems. There are three broad categories of routing protocols namely depth based, energy based and vector-based routing. Vector Based Forwarding protocols perform routing through virtual pipeline by defining their radius which give proper direction to packets communication. We proposed a routing protocol termed as Path-Oriented Energy Scaled Expanded Vector Based Forwarding (PESEVBF). PESEVBF takes into account all parameters; holding time, the source nodes packets routing path and void holes creation on the second hop; PESEVBF not only considers the packet upward advancement but also focus on density of the forwarded nodes in terms of number of potential forwarding and suppressed nodes for path selection. Node selection in resultant holding time is based on minimum Path Factor (PF) value. Moreover, the suppressed node will be selected for packet forwarding to avoid the void holes occurrences on the second hop. Performance of PESEVBF is compared with other routing protocols using matrices such as energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, packets dropping ratio and duplicate packets creation indicating considerable performance improvement.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

Over the past decade, there has been global expansion in the advancement of underwater cleaning technology for ship hulls. This methodology ensures both diver safety and operational efficiency. However, recent attention has been drawn to the harmful effects of ship hull-cleaning wastewater on marine animals. It is anticipated that this wastewater may have various impacts on a wide range of organisms, potentially leading to populationand ecosystem-relevant alterations. This concern is especially significant when the wastewater affects functionally important species, such as aquaculture animals and habitat-forming species living in coastal regions, where underwater cleaning platforms are commonly established. Despite this, information on the ecotoxicological effects of this wastewater remains limited. In this mini review, we discuss the adverse effects of wastewater from in-water cleaning processes, as well as the current challenges and limitations in regulating and mitigating its potential toxicity. Overall, recent findings underscore the detrimental effects posed by sublethal levels of wastewater to the health status of aquatic animals under both acute and chronic exposure.