• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.331-340
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• 2013

The main topic of this paper is to show a possibility of indoor air quality enhancement and the fan energy savings in underground parking facilities by applying the demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) strategy based on the real-time variation of the traffic load. The established ventilation rate is estimated by considering the passing distance, CO emission rate, idling time of a vehicle, and the floor area of the parking facility. However, they are hard to be integrated into the real-time DCV control. As a solution to this problem, the minimum ventilation rate per a single vehicle is derived in this research based on the actual ventilation data acquired from several existing underground parking facilities. And then its applicability to the DCV based on the real-time variation of the traffic load is verified by simulating the real-time carbon monoxide concentration variation. The energy saving potentials of the proposed DCV strategy is also checked by comparing it with those for the current underground parking facility ventilation systems found in the open literature.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2006년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.316-321
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• 2006

Multiplex use facility emphasized the importance of indoor air environment because many people using that place. People using parking lot of multiplex use facility in little time, but a pollutant of in indoor air menacing user health. This study measure and analyze the CO, $CO_2$ for better air quality of an indoor parking lot in the multiplex user facility. As a result, two-way opened above ground parking lot is higher numerical value of CO, $CO_2$ than an underground parking lot. And a parking lot of square form is higher numerical value of $CO_2$ than a parking lot of rectangle form.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2010

Recently, indoor air quality (IAQ) has been one of the major concerns of people. Indoor parking lots are subject to be exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants emitted from vehicles. This study was performed to investigate indoor air quality (IAQ) at indoor parking lots. Sampling sites were selected 5 indoor parking lots. Target indoor air quality parameters include a number of criteria pollutants such PM$_{10}$, CO, CO$_2$, and HCHO. In addition, a variation of IAQ according to ventilation system operating was measured at C site (underground parking lot). In general, all pollutants were maintained below indoor air quality maintenance standards. The indoor air quality at indoor parking lots was affected by the availability of the ventilation facility and their operation frequency. At the underground parking lot (C site) with ventilation system, TVOC concentration according to ventilation system operating were found to be lower operating (488.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$) than non-operating (1,401.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$).

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2021

GPR (Ground Penetrating RADAR)은 도로의 포장 상태 및 싱크홀, 지하관로를 검사하는 센서로 도로관리에 지하공간통합지도는 지하에 매설된 지하시설물(상수, 하수, 가스, 전력, 통신, 난방), 지하구조물(지하철, 지하차도, 지하보도, 지하주차장, 지하상가, 공동구), 지반(시추, 관정, 지질)의 총 15종의 지하정보를 3차원 기반에서 한눈에 확인할 수 있도록 구축한 지도를 말한다. 본 연구는 2차원의 지하시설물 데이터를 3차원 기반의 지하공간통합지도(지하시설물 3차원 모델)로 변환함에 있어 발생하는 관로별 연결부위 처리 문제와 지하시설물 관로의 요철문제를 보정하는 기술을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 우선 지하시설물 데이터를 3차원 기반으로 생성하는 기술에 대한 국내·외 현황을 조사·검토하였으며 실제적인 문제 해결을 위하여 곡면보정 알고리즘과 요철보정 알고리즘을 개발하였다, 곡면보정 알고리즘은 2차원의 라인을 3차원의 원통으로 만들어 연결하는 경우 접합부위가 자연스럽게 연결될 수 있도록 고안하였으며 요청보정 알고리즘은 한 개의 단위 관로에 여러 개의 버텍스가 포함되어 이를 3차원 모델로 만들었을 때 발생하는 요철현상을 해결할 수 있도록 고안하였다. 개발된 알고리즘을 검수하기 위하여 알고리즘이 적용된 보정프로그램과 뷰어프로그램을 개발하였다. 위와 같은 과정을 토대로 지하시설물 3차원 모델을 현실과 동일하게 제작할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 지하공간통합지도의 활용도 제고를 위한 기반 연구로써 그 의의가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

The definition of an apartment is a building more than 5 stories high and which is the standard law. Currently, the number of apartments is increasing much faster than detached houses. Owning an apartment is a normal trend these days. However, the increasing number of apartments has been increasing the number of apartment fires which also has been making social problems. Therefore, this study was conducted for the fire extinguisher among other fire facilities because it is important for initial fire suppression. The research subject is on the fire extinguisher that is in the underground parking lot of 40 apartment complexes which are more than 10 stories. Survey and analysis were conducted for 80 fire extinguishers. There are two fire extinguishers for each apartment. The result of this study is that all installed fire extinguishers are ABC dry chemical type, 92% of them is 3.3kg and that meet the legal height(less than 1.5m). However, the condition such as appearance, inspection, manufactured year, appearance of signs, material of signs, size of signs, etc. was insufficiency. So improvement of law and system that are fire facility construction, maintenance implementation and additional designation of type approval about sign will be needed in my opinion.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2013

우리나라는 99,274 $km^2$의 협소한 면적에 산지가 약 70%을 차지하고 있다. 게다가 인구밀도는 세계 3위의 조밀한 국가이다. 따라서 우리나라는 지하공간을 새로이 활용해야 할 국토로 간주하고 적극적으로 개발할 필요가 있다. 우리에게는 지하공간개발이 선택이 아니라 필수이다. 국내에서는 1970년 이후로 가스 원유비축기지, 지하 양수발전소가 건설되었고 주로 대도시에서 지하철, 상가, 보도, 공동구, 주차장 등의 형태로 지하공간이 활용되어 왔다. 여수 지하석유 비축기지와 지하철은 세계적인 규모이다. 최근에는 지하공간의 개발이 더욱 다양화 되고 또한 대규모화 되고 있는 추세이다. 국내 지하공간 개발현황과 문제점 및 대책에 대하여 소개하였다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2009

A lesser degree of research is available with respect to indoor radon characteristics associated with occupants' exposure. The present study evaluated the radon levels in several public-access buildings or underground facilities, and their temporal variation in underground facilities. Radon measurements were conducted in 2005 and 2006, utilizing a continuous radon detector. A solid alpha detector (RAD7) was utilized to measure indoor radon levels. The mean radon concentrations obtained from the building or facilities were in a descending order: platforms of Daegu subway line 2, 2005 (32 $Bq/m^3$), hot-air bathroom (14 $Bq/m^3$), basement of office building (14 $Bq/m^3$), underground parking garage (14 $Bq/m^3$), underground shop (12 $Bq/m^3$), nursery (10 $Bq/m^3$), platforms of Daegu subway line 2, 2006 (9.0 $Bq/m^3$), platforms of Daegu subway line 1, 2006 (8.9 $Bq/m^3$), supermarket (7.9 $Bq/m^3$), hospital (7.3 $Bq/m^3$), and second-floor of office building (5.7 $Bq/m^3$). In general, underground-level facilities exhibited higher radon levels as compared with ground-level facilities. It was suggested that ventilation is an important parameter regarding the indoor levels of a subway. There was a decreasing or increasing trend in hourly-radon levels in a subway, whereas no trend were observed in a basement of office building. In addition, the radon levels in the subway lines 1 and 2 varied according to the platforms. The radon levels in the present study were much lower than those of previous studies. The average annual effective dose (AED) of radiation from indoor radon exposure was estimated to be between 0.043 and 0.242 mSv/yr, depending on facility types. These AEDs were substantially lower than the worldwide average AED (2.4 mSv/yr).

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 국내외 LPG 자동차 보급 및 안전관리현황 비교 분석을 통해 국내 LPG 자동차 관련 안전성확보 방향을 제시하였다. 국내 LPG 자동차에 대한 안전관리실태 조사결과 LPG 자동차의 안전성 확보를 위한 제도와 관리실태가 미흡하였고, 실제 약 5천여대의 LPG 자동차에 대한 가스누출 점검결과 약 4% 정도가 누출되고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 LPG 자동차 관련 안전성향상을 위해 국외에서 운영중인 안전기준을 국내에 적용할 필요성을 확인하였다. 따라서, 국내 LPG 자동차 관련 안전성확보 방향으로 최근 경형승용자동차 등에 대한 LPG 연료사용 허용으로 더욱 위험성이 증대된 지하주차공간에 대한 환기 등 시설기준의 개선, 그리고 LPG 자동차 확인 스티커 부착의무화 등 관리체계 개선방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.9-12
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• 2013

The pavement is generally used on the highways, local loads, roads for bicycle riding and neighborhood living facility such as parking lot, plaza, park and sports facilities. However, the pavement material that is usually used on the most of roads is impermeable asphalt-concrete and cement-concrete. If the pavement material is impermeable, many problems can be happened on the drainage facilities in the rainy season. Additionally, a lot of rainwater on the pavement surface cannot permeate to the underground and flows to the sewage ditch, stream and river, etc. If a lot of rainwater flows at once, the floods can be out along the streams and rivers. So, underground water can be exhausted. Micro organisms cannot live in the underground. Recently, many studies has been conducted to exploit the permeable concrete that has high performance permeability. However, it is required to develop the permeable concrete which has high strength and durability. In this study, permeable and strength tests were performed to investigate the permeable characteristics of porous concrete according to fine aggregate content and substitution ratio of blast furnace slag. In this test, crushed stones with 10~20 mm and sand with 5~10 mm were used as a coarse aggregate and a fine aggregate respectively. The substitution ratio of blast furnace slag to cement weight is 0 %, 15 %, and 30 %. The ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate is 0 %, 18 %, and 35 %. As a result, permeability coefficient was decreased according to fine aggregate ratio of total aggregate. Compressive strength was also decreased according to substitution ratio of blast furnace slag.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.689-707
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• 2015

Progressive increase in population causing land scarcity, which is forcing construction industry to build multistory buildings having underground basements. Normally, basements are constructed for parking facility. This research work evaluates important factors which have caused the collapse of pile-anchor system at under construction five star hotel. 21 m deep excavation is carried out, to have five basements, after installation of 600 mm diameter cast in-situ contiguous concrete piles at plot periphery. To retain piles and backfill, soil anchors are installed as pit excavation is proceeded. Before collapse, anchors are designed by federal highway administration procedure and four anchor rows are installed with three strands per anchor in first row and four in remaining. However, after collapse, system is modeled and analyzed in plaxis using mohr-coulomb method. It is investigated that in-appropriate evaluation of soil properties, additional surcharge loads, lesser number of strands per anchor, shorter grouted body length and shorter pile embedment depth caused large deformations to occur which governed the collapse of east side pile wall. To resume work, old anchors are assumed to be standing at one factor of safety and then system is analyzed using finite element approach. Finally, it is concluded to use four strands per anchor in first new row and five strands in remaining three with increase in grouted and un-grouted body lengths.