• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2012

In this study, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe were added to $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts for 15 days at $4^{\circ}C$, and for seven days at $25^{\circ}C$, to examine the extracts' storage properties and sensory characteristics. The results are as follows: (1) On the changes of pH and acidity during storage of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe, both of them showed lower pH values with lower additive $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract contents. The pH value continuously decreased with a longer storage period, and the acidity was higher with a lower concentration of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract. (2) The total microbial cell count during storage of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe at $4^{\circ}C$ was 4.6-5.0 log CFU/g at 0 day. The sikhe to which $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract was not added increased to 8.8-9.0 log CFU/g on the seventh storage day, while the sikhye to which 80 and 100% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts were added were 7.8 and 6.9 logCFU/g, respectively. Thus, the total cell count was lower with a higher additive content of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract. The total cell count of the sikhe to which 0-60% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts reached the maximum value on the seventh storage day and did not show any change thereafter. The total cell count of the sikhe to which 80 and 100% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts were added, however, reached the maximum value on the 10th to 13th storage days, thus showing that the storage period was increased by $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. At $25^{\circ}C$, the total cell count was 4.6-5.0 log CFU/g on 0 day and continuously increased during the storage period. It had increased to 8.9-9.5 log CFU/g on the seventh storage day, and no differences were shown according to the additive content of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract. (3) On the sensory characteristics of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe, the $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous sikhe to which 20% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract was added showed the highest overall-acceptability value ($4.23{\pm}0.95$), whereas the $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. glutinous sikhe to which 40% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract was added showed the highest overall-acceptability value ($3.95{\pm}0.95$). The sikhe to which 20 and 40% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts were added showed significantly high taste, flavor, sweetness, and overall-preference values (p<0.05).

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.207-215
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• 2012

Phenolic compounds of $17.9{\pm}1.0mg/g$ were extracted from Ulmus pumila with 70% ethanol. The elastase inhibitory activity related with forming wrinkle was shown an excellent wrinkle improvement effect in 70% ethanol extracts as 55.5-69.5% at phenolic concentration of $50-200{\mu}g/mL$. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity related with skin-whitening was 24% in 70% ethanol extracts at phenolic concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. The astringent activity of 70% ethanol extracts was shown activity of 71% at phenolic concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$ therefore it is judged that there is a high effect on pores reduction of the skin. The hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of U. pumila extracts was confirmed anti-inflammation effect of 80% at phenolic concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$. Antimicrobial activity of U. pumila water extracts was shown each 8.7, 10.0, 11.1 and 11.8 mm clear zones on Propionebacterium acnes at phenolic concentration of $50-200{\mu}g/mL$. The stability of the multi-functional cosmetic (lotion) added U. pumila extracts was very stable for 28 days without changing of pH and viscosity also it's stable on temperature and sun lights. As the concentration of extracts was increased, the color of lotion was getting dark, but the sensory evaluation was high at score of 8.5.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.13-34
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• 2023

Many ecologists try to understand plant communities and societies' changing processes by interacting with environmental factors. Plant communities formed in the sidings of streams, which are more dynamic than forest vegetation, are closely related to the disturbance regime of streams. U. pumila, which forms communities at the edges of streams, is distributed over the central and northern regions of the Korean Peninsula. In this study, we intended to explain the regeneration of U. pumila communities in the upstream region of the Namhangang River. Heights from the stream surface to the mid-high points of communities increased when the age class of U. pumila communities increased. On the other hand, the height of U. pumila tended to increase and decrease as the age class increased. The richness (S), evenness (J'), diversity (H'), and maximum diversity (H'max) also showed a tendency to increase and then decrease as the age class increased. On the other hand, the number of stems per individual and density (D) decreased as the age class increased. Seedlings of U. pumila failed to regenerate in the communities at the intermediate or higher stage of the age class. Regeneration of seedlings occurred in the spaces formed by the flooding, which occurred periodically in streams. After regeneration, U. pumila communities grew like a single organism. On the other hand, the plant species consisting of U. pumila communities exhibited a process in which the S and H' increased and then decreased as they developed. In other words, we determined that the changes in the species compositions were associated with changes in each species' environment and community. A space where seeds can regenerate seedlings should be provided for the regeneration of U. pumila communities. In the mid/upstream region of the Namhangang River, where the present study focused, newly formed communities were rare because the space required to regenerate U. pumila ceased to exist. Accordingly, we suggest securing an appropriate space for the regeneration of seedlings to maintain the U. pumila communities in the upstream region of the Namhangang River.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate temperature effect on seed germination behaviors and seed viability changes by drying periods of three Ulmus species (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai, U. pumila L., and U. parvifolia Jacq.) distributed in Korea. Statistical analysis showed that temperature had a significant effect on mean germination time in three Ulmus species, but its effect on germination percentage was only shown in U. parvifolia (p<0.01). U. davidiana var. japonica and U. pumila germinated relatively consistent in all temperature conditions, especially the latter showed high germination behaviors in low temperatures (10-15$^{\circ}C$). U. parvifolia germinated well in high temperature (25$^{\circ}C$), while this species rarely germinated in low temperature conditions (10-20$^{\circ}C$). The results confirm that seeds of U. pumila and U. parvifolia are orthodox seeds which can be stored under 4-8% moisture condition, and U. davidiana var. japonica seed is recalcitrant seed which is difficult to store for a long time. In conclusion, these differences of the germination behaviors for three Ulmus species seem to be adaptive regimes of their natural habitats, respectively.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 2016

An acetone extract in the cortex of Ulmus pumila L. was prepared to evaluate its anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative activities. The free radical scavenging activity ($EC_{50}=36.7{\mu}g/mL$) and reducing power ($EC_{50}=53.2{\mu}g/mL$) proportionally increased according to the extract concentration. The acetone extract possessed a potent anti-proliferative activity against human non-small cell lung cancer (A549, $GI_{50}=74.3{\mu}g/mL$) and human colon cancer (SNU-C4, $GI_{50}=92.8{\mu}g/mL$) cells in a dose-dependent manner, but was less effective with human normal cells (L132, human embryonic lung epithelial cell).

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the water use efficiency (WUE) in five species of one-year-old seedlings grown in a field nursery in Mongolia. Larix sibirica and Pinus sylvestris are the most dominant coniferous species while Ulmus pumila is an important deciduous species known well-adapted in harsh conditions such as in semi-arid forests and Gobi desert regions. Caragana arborescens (Siberian pea shrub) and Hippophae rhamnoides are N-fixing shrubs in Mongolia. Thirty one-year-old seedlings were sampled from each of the five species (a total of 150 samples) and measured for net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (E). The Pn and E were used to calculate and compare the WUE of each species. Pn differed significantly among the five species (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in Pn between L. sibirica and H. rhamnoides (p > 0.05). C. arborescens showed the highest Pn whereas U. pumila did the poorest. E differed significantly among the five species (p < 0.05). L. sibirica and U. pumila showed considerably lower E than other species. Thus, WUE values of coniferous species such as L. sibirica and P. sylvestris were significantly greater than deciduous or shrub species such as U. pumila, C. arborescens and H. rhamnoides (p < 0.01). It may result that conifers showed relatively high water use efficiency than deciduous or shrub trees due to their lower transpiration rates, which resulted in morphological and physiological characteristics of their leaves. This may indicate that L. sibirica and P. sylvestris can be widely used for rehabilitation works in Mongolia attributed to their dominant distributions but also their high drought-resistance properties.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.909-918
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• 2012

The phenolic compounds which were extracted with 70% ethanol from Ulmus pumila for 12 hr were the highest as $17.9{\pm}1.0\;mg/g$. DPPH scavenging activity of 70% ethanol extracts was also the highest as $89.5{\pm}1.9%$ and it was confirmed to be high as 80% over in both of water and 70% ethanol extracts containing $50{\mu}g/mL$ over phenolic concentration. ABTS radical cation decolorization activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts were higher as $96.8{\pm}2.9%$, antioxidant protection factor (PF) was 2.0 PF in 70% ethanol and showed higher activities in both of water and 70% ethanol extracts containing $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration as 2.5 PF than BHA. TBARs of 70% ethanol extracts was $86.5{\pm}4.6%$, it showed high anti-oxidative activity in $50{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentrations of water and 70% ethanol extracts as 80% over. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Ulmus pumila extracts against hypertension was 77.4% and 90.6% in water and 70% ethanol extracts of $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Ulmus pumila extracts for anti-gout effect was not observed in water extracts, but it showed 30% inhibitory activity in 70% ethanol extracts, and 48.1% at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics concentration.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 1992

Antibacterial effects of the water-soluble extract of Ulmus pumila L. on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were studied by cylinder plate dilution method. The cells of S. aureus and E. coli treated with the extract were comparatively examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopies for their morphological features. The normal cells of S. aureus and E. coli showed thypical coccus and rod shapes, respectively, but the cells of S. aureus treated with the extract showed rough surface structures with many granular protrusions and were destroyed to form ghost cells by liberating their cytoplasmic components. E. coli cells treated with the extract were destoryed without enlarging in size and producing granules on their surfaces.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 2012

This study was carried out for the functional investigation of the $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts for use in functional-food processing. Extracts of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. were obtained using distilled water and 70% ethanol, and the extracts were tested for their electron-donating ability, SOD-like activity, nitrate-scavenging ability, and anticancer (MDA and A 549 cells) activity. The extraction yields of the water and ethanol extracts were 12.7 and 12.0%, respectively; the polyphenol contents were $623.5{\pm}2.4$ and $710.5{\pm}2.1$ mg/100 g; the electron-donating ability was high in proportion with the density; and the water extract was higher than the ethanol extract (76 and 64%, respectively) at 1,000 ppm. In all the 1,000 ppm densities, the SOD-like activity of the water extract was far higher than that of the ethanol extract (53 and 38%, respectively), and the nitrite-scavenging ability of the ethanol extract was higher than that of the water extract (47 and 43%, respectively). As for the anticancer ability at 1,000 ppm, it was 62% in the water extract and 42% in the ethanol extract in the MDA cell, and 60% in the water extract and 45% in the ethanol extract in the A 549 cell. Thus, the proliferation inhibition ability of the water extract against cancer cells was found to be far higher than that of the ethanol extract (60 and 45%, respectively).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1992

Antibacterial activity of the water-soluble portion of Ulmus pzcmila L. extract against 10 bacterial species was studied by both cylinder plate dilution method and broth dilution test tube method. Inhibitory effect of the extract on the bacteria was also investigated by plotting bacterial survival at various concentration of the extract. The crude extract exhibited antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacterial species with exception of K pneurnoniae. The fractions of the extract prepared by CM Sephadex-C 50 ion exchange chromatography were also subjected to test the antibacterial activity, and the activity was studied after autoclaving for 20 minutes.