• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2002

Pollen analyses and $^{14}$ C dating of the sediments of the Akindonuma moor, which is situated in a closed depression of an old landslide, were peformed in order to study the vegetation history of the montane zone of the Miyagi Prefecture, Northeast Japan. The main results are as follows: Two forest zones have been distinguished: 1) the A-I zone, or the Fagus-Quercus-Betula forest (R I stage, before about 11,700 yrs B.P.), and 2) the A-II zone, or the Fagus-Quercus forest (R II stage, after about 11,700 yrs B.P.). By comparing the geological section with the pollen diagram of the moor, it is assumed that the deposit environment of the Middle Part, which mostly consists of peat layers, is very stable. During the period, the Ulmus/Zelfkova pollen ratio was very low and small peak was not recognized. According to the preceding research, theme is a close relationship between the fluctuation of the Ulmus/Zelkova pollen ratio and the general trend of hillslope instability in the changing balance of temporature and precipitation Actually, Zelkova serrata tends to cover the footslope and the lower sideslope. Ulmus davidiana covers the footslope and the alluvial cone. Therefore, the fact that the Ulmus/Zeikova pollen ratio was very low and small peak was not recognized, is believed to reflect the stability of the earth's surface environment, which was estimated from the geological section.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.78-86
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• 2009

In this study 2 cadalene homologues - 3,7-dimethoxycadalene and 7-hydroxycadalene-5,8-quinone (keyakinone A)-were further identified from ethanol extracts of Zelkova serrata wood, except 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene. Two biological activities-scavenging activity of hydroxy radical and cell toxicity by MTT assay-were measured with 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene. The scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical of the compound was excellent and increased with its concentration. At 100 ppm hydroxyl radicals were removed completely. However, MTT assay revealed that 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene showed critical toxicity to the cells. When 1 ppm of the compound was treated to the cells, cell viability was reached up to 90%, while it was reduced to 22% after treatment of 9 ppm. In 4 different Ulmaceae species, such as Ulmus davidiana, Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmus macrocarpa, Ulmus macrophylla, 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene was not found at all. Instead, 7-hydroxycadalene (Mw 214), in which methoxyl group is omitted from 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene, was distributed in the heartwood of 4 Ulmaceae species as major cadalene compound.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1992

Pollen analysis to clear vegetational history of korea was carried out on the deposite taken from the pit of the miruksa site, south-western korea(36o00'18'N, 127o1'12'E, 10m in alt.). This area has been known as the cool temperate zone(southern zone) according to yim and kira(1975). But, now we can not found the original vegetation because the area has been disturbed severely and almost area changed to cultivated land.the area is one of the most developd area in early agricultural stage of korea. By the pollen diagram, three local pollen zones are distinguished in this site, bottom to surface, as following. is-Ⅰ :pinus-quercus zone (140∼120 cm, sample 1 and 2) is-Ⅱ :ulmus+zelkova zone(120∼84 cm, sample 3∼6) is-Ⅲ :pinus zone(84∼0 cm, sample 7 ∼13) is-Ⅰ is characterized by high values in frequences of pinus, the temperate conifer and quercus the cool temperate oak, and is-Ⅱ zone by the decrease of quercus and increase of ulmus and increase of ulman+zelkova as ravine forest elements, isⅢ zone is characterized by pinus, especially, based on data of sample no.9.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The pollen analysis on the deposits of the lower marine terrace I of the estimated paleoshoreline height of 18m was performed in order to estimate the formation age of this terrace developed at the Sanha-dong coast, Ulsan, southeastern coast of the Korean peninsula. The pollen assemblage of the peat layer of SH-1 pollen zone (Quercus-Ulmus/Zelkova zone), lying directly on the marine rounded pebble layer of this terrace, shows that the climatic environment of the deposition period of SH-1 pollen zone was almost similar to that of the Postglacial climatic optimum period, but slightly cooler than that of the late warm stage of Last Interglacial(MIS 5a) in the eastern coast of Korea. This heightens the possibility that the deposition period of the marine rounded pebble layer which was covered by the above SH-1 peat layer is the MIS 5e which has been estimated by a previous study of the sedimentary facies of this terrace deposits (Choi, 2016). The pollen assemblage of SH-2 pollen zone (Pinus-Quercus zone) shows that the climate of this period was almost similar to that of the late Postglacial, but slightly cooler than that of the period of SH-1 pollen zone. This means that the climate around the Sanha-dong was still warmer in the deposition period of the peat layer of SH-2 pollen zone. Thus, the peat layer of SH-2 pollen zone was considered to have been deposited during the period from the early regression stage of the MIS 5d which is the estimated final stage in the deposition period of the above peat layer of SH-1 pollen zone to any stage in which the warmer environment of MIS 5 has still lasted. The humic silt layer of SH-3 pollen zone (Pinus-Ulmus/Zelkova-Abies zone) is assumed to have been deposited during the interstadial of the Last Glacial (MIS 3).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 1997

The actual vegetation map, community composition and vegetation structure of an isolated Evodia daniellii community due to the urbanization were investigated. At the habitat of Evodia daniellii, east cliff of Mt. Sudo, I made 30 plots of 100m$^{2}$ and adjusted 15 times the aspect of vegetation in whole growing season. On the base of these data, synoptic vegetation table was constructed. The constellation diagram by the calculation of ${\chi}$$^{2}$-value based on the vegetation data shown three vegetation groups pf Albizzia julibrissin with 10 species, Zanthoxylum shinifolium with 12 species and Ulmus parvifolia with 6 species. Through the DBH measurement of 5 major tress, we found that Ailanthus altissima, Paulownia tomentosa and Zelkova serrata are dominant in present, but it will be change by Evodia daniellii.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2005

The Quaternary palynoflora from Cheongsu core, drilled on the western part of the Jeju Island, consists mainly of deciduous broad-leaved angiosperms and herbs. Dominant taxa are Pinaceae, Alnus, Castanea/Castanopsis, Ulmus/Zelkova, Chenopodiaceae and Compositae. Based on palynofloral composition, two palynostratigraphic zones are recognized. Zone I is characterized by a predominance of Alnus and Chenopodiaceae, and by the abundance of herbs. Zone II is dominated by conifers and deciduous broad-leaved angiosperms, including Abies, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Ulmus/Zelkova and Gramineae. The Cheongsu palynoflora can be correlated with Alnipollenites(Alnus)-Chenopodipollis(Chenopodiaceae)-Compositae Assemblage Zone of the East China Sea and is assigned to the Pleistocene in age. Ecology of main taxa and comparison with the present vegetation of Korea suggest a cool temperate climate and a low relief in the Jeju Island during the deposition of the Cheongsu core sediments.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2009

Thirty five methanol extracts from 19 natural local plants, which have been used as traditional anti-cancer medicine, were prepared. They were analyzed the cytotoxic effects on primary fibroblast cells and carcinoma cells. The root extract of Solanum nigrum were highly toxic in both cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values of less than $0.01{\mu}g/{\mu}l$, and 26 of 35 extracts were toxic in all cells with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.1{\sim}2{\mu}g/{\mu}l$. Three extracts including the fruit extracts of Solanum nigrum and Morus alba had no cytotoxic activity in both cell lines. Five of 35 extracts were highly toxic in cancer cells than in primary cells. Because primary cells were more resistant on these extracts, the five extracts were selected for anti-cancer agent candidates. Apoptosis or programmed cell death has an essential role in chemotherapy-induced tumor cell killing. Recently, inducers of apoptosis have been used in cancer therapy. When two of 5 cancer cell-specific cytotoxic extracts (Ulmus parvifolia and Zelkova serrata) were treated in concentration of $0.02{\sim}0.1{\mu}g/{\mu}l$, apoptosis were increased at 3-5 times in cancer cell lines. Finally, the apoptotic effects of these extracts were confirmed by cleavages of both poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase and caspase-3 as apoptotic markers. In this report, we suggested that two of 35 medicinal herb extracts can be useful anti-cancer drug candidates inducing apoptosis in several carcinoma cell lines.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.693-702
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate that a roadside tree root intrudes sewer network systems. Two approaches were performed to assess the characteristics of tree root intrusion. First, the characteristics of tree roots that had invaded sewers were directly observed by means of closed-circuit television inspection robot. Second, the intrusion proportions of tree root into rain gutters in the sampling area were investigated. As tree species of low intrusion proportions, the results indicated that Ginkgo biloba Linn. and Acer buergerianum Miq. were 1.7% and 4.3%. On the other hand, tree species of high intrusion proportions were Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai and Zelkova serrata Makino as 22.2%, 20.4%, and 17.6% respectively. In particular, sewers and gutters around Zelkova species should be the focus of maintenance work because of the high proportion of these trees on roadsides.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2001

To investigate weathering and surface characteristics of coating film on lumbers coated with Hwangchil(varnish of Dendropanax morbifera), we carried out to investigate the resistance against discoloration, value of crack and surface characteristics of coating films on seven domestic lumbers and those of four introduced tropical lumbers. There was investigated to evaluate the properties of coating films by the varnish of Dendropanax morbifera. There was insignificant correlations between the hardness and moisture contents of each lumber treated by the varnish. There was no significant correlations between the thickness of coating film and the hardness, either. Although we investigated 11 wood species, we found only three species as resistance wood species against discoloration; Diospysos spp., Abies holophylla and Ulmus davidiana. The crack of coaing films was the largest on Zelkova serrata followed by Juglans sinensis, Cercidiphum japonicum, Tectona grands, Ulmus davidiana, Guibourtia tessmannii, Diospysos spp. and Dalbergia latifolia. However, there was no crack of coating films on the lumbers of Juniperus rigida, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea and Abies holophylla. The crack of coating film showed positive correlations with the thickness of coating film and hardness. The surface characteristics of the coating films evaluated on the basis of $R_{a}$ values indicated the lumbers of Ulmus davidiana($0.14{\;}{\mu}m$), Juniperus rigida($0.1 5{\;}{\mu}m$), Guibourtia tessmannii($0.19{\;}{\mu}m$), Dalvergia latifolia($0.20{\;}{\mu}m$) and Diospysos spp.($0.20{\;}{\mu}m$), Cercidiphum japonicum($0.24{\;}{\mu}m$) as good species while there was insignificant differences between softwoods and hardwoods. Tectona grands, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea and Abies holophylla showed rough surface with $1.53~2.63{\;}{\mu}m$ of $R_a$ values. The four kinds of rough indices($R_a,{\;}R_z,{\;}R_{max}{\;}and{\;}R_q$) showed very low correlations with moisture contents with the correlation coefficients. The $R_a{\;}and{\;}R_{max}$ also showed slight relationship with hardness.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.248-257
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• 2003

The objective of this experiment was to search plant species with herbicidal activity in Korea. Two hundred native plants were collected and their methanol extracts were obtained. Herbicidal activity of methanol extracts were determined by seed bioassay using canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings. Six plants such as Staphylea bumalda, Wistaria floribunda, Allium victorialis, Rumex crispus, Chionanthus retusa, and Ulmus parvifolia were highly herbicidal: their $GR_{50}$ values were < $1,000{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. In addition, seventeen plants such as Galium spurium, Zelkova serrata, Campsis grandiflora, Eucommia ulmoides, Sorbus commixta, Deutzia glabrata, Cercis chinensis, Alnus hirsuta, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, Gleditsia japonica, Kerria japonica, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Thuja orientalis, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pulsatilla koreana showed herbicidal activity: their $GR_{50}$ values were between 1,000 and $2,000{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. However, 177 plants showed no herbicidal activity. Plants with herbicidal activity found in this study could be used for weed management and herbicidal compounds in such herbicidal plants could be used as lead compounds in the development of new herbicides.