• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.1 s.42
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• pp.5-9
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• 1980

Some insecticides were evaluated on the effect of single ULV foliar spray in the control of the pine gall midges (Thecediplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) when the formulated (undiluted) and/or diluted insecticides were applied by ULV Sprayer (Battery-type of 12 voltage, devised by Union Carbide) With the formulated insecticide spray (30ml per plot; ten pine trees of 1.5 to 2m in height), the order of control effectiveness was Salithion (Ec 25), $Sumithion^{(R)}$ (ULV 80), Dimethoate (Ec 50), $Sevin\;oil^{(R)}$ (ULV 50), $Zolone^{(R)}$ (Ec 25) and $Folimat^{(R)}$ (Ec 50). However, except Zolone, other insecticides tested caused relatively severe phytotoxicity on the pine needles in all treatments. The dilluted insecticides (200ml Per Plot) of Salithion and Dimethoate with 10,20 and 40 times of water solution showed better control effect than with the formulated insecticides, and no phytotoxicity was observed. Salithion was more effective than Dimethoate. In conclusion, the desirable results in the pine gall midge control in this experiment were obtained by single ULV foliar spray of Salithion with 10 to 20 times of water solution, and the feasible timing of insecticide application would be from late in May to early in June.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.2 s.51
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• pp.95-98
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• 1982

The insecticides salithion$(Salithion^{(R)},\;25\;EC)$, decamethrin$(Decis^{(R)}\;1\;EC)$, phenthoate$(Elsan^{(R)},\;47.5\;EC)$, diazinon$(Diaton^{(R)})$, chlorfevinphes$(Birlane^{(R)},\;24\;EC)$, phosalone$(Zolone^{(R)},\;25\;EC)$, and methamidophos$(Tamaron^{(R)},\;60\;SL)$ were evaluated on the effectiveness of single ULV foliar spray for the control of the pine fall midges(Therodiplosis japonensis UCHIDA et INOUYE) when the insecticides diluted with the 50 times of water were applied to the pine trees$(1.5\~2m\;in\;height)$ on June 6 by ULV Sprayer(Battery-type of 12 voltage, devised by Union Carbide). A single ULV foliar spray of salithion, decamethrin, and phethoate among the insecticides tested was significantly effective for the pressure of the gall incidence by the insects.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2023

The efficacy of spinetoram sprayed from an unmanned helicopter to control two insect vectors of pine wood nematodes, Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius was assessed. By using a ULV (Ultra Low Volume) sprayer, the mortality rates of phenthoate, bifenthrin, etofenprox, and diflubenzuron, which are registered for use against coleopteran insects, indoxacarb and spinetoram, which are registered for use against lepidopteran insects, were evaluated for efficacy as aerial spraying agents. The ULV test, using 33- and 55-fold dilutions of phenthoate, bifenthrin, indoxacarb, and spinetoram demonstrated a 100% insect mortality rate upon contact and feeding mortality on the third day after treatment, while etofenprox and diflubenzuron exhibited a slightly lower mortality rate than the remaining compounds. Consequently, spinetoram was selected as a candidate pesticide for aerial spraying and its efficacy to control the insect vectors was assessed. The x 33 dilution of spinetoram resulted in a 98.6-100% control efficacy against two insect vectors. However, risk assessment for bees following aerial spraying will be necessary before applying the pesticide to control insect vectors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 1997

Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed experimental diet, and also were orally daministerred with 3.0% ultra low viscosity (ULV) sodium alginate-added functional drink(AL-3.0% group : HAEJOMIN), 5.0% polyedxtrose(PD)-added drink(PD-5.0group) and 2.5% polydextrose-added drink(PD-2.5 group) for 8 weeks. Effect of rhese dietary fiber-added functional drinks on body weight, feed and gross efficincies, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, LDL- cholesterol levels, hydroxyl radical and malondialdehyde levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum of SD rats were evaluated. Administration of AL-3.0 drink and PD-5.0 drink resulted in a marked inhibition in increase of body weight compared with control and PD-2.5 groups for 8 weeks. Inhibition effect in body weight in 3.0% alginic acid-added drink )AL-3.0 froup_ showed a same trend in 5.0% polydextrose(PD)-added drink (PD-5.0 group)(p<0.001). Therefore, it is found that inhibition effects of obesity in 3.0% alginic acid-added drink were higher 2 times than that in same concentration of polydextrose(PD)-added drink. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels in AL-3.0 and PD-5.0 groups significantly decreased to 25$\sim$30% compared with control group(p<0.01$\sim$0.001), but there were no significant differences in these drinks. LDL-cholesterol levels in AL-3.0 group significantly decreased about 15% compared with PD-5.0 group, but atherogenic index in AL-3, 0 group showed a similar trend to that in PD-5.0 group. Hydroxyl radical formations and lipid peroxide(LPO) levels in AL-3, 0 and PD-5.0 groups significantly decreased to 15% and 20%, respectively, compared with control group(p, 0.05$\sim$0.01), but there were no significant differences in these drinks. Superoxide, dismutase(SOD) activity in AL-3.0 group significantly higher (about 255) than those in control and PD-5.0 groups(p<0.01). These results suggest that administration of ULV-sodium alginate-added functional drink(HAEJOMIIN) effectively can not only inhibit obesity, but also can intervent chronic degenerative disease and aging process.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.3 no.1 s.3
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• pp.13-18
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• 1994

Chemical analysis and metallographic observations of the iron slag were carried out in an attempt to estimate the old iron-making process. The slag containing $9.3\%\;TiO_2$ without Cu indicates that the ore used for smelting was sand iron, not rock ore. The phases identified in the slag were $ulv\ddot{o}spinel$, magnetite, $w\ddot{u}stite$, fayalite etc. This also supports the fact that the smelted ore was iron sand. The total amount of Fe and slag-making components$(=SiO_2+Al_2O_3+MgO+CaO)$ were $40.7\%\;and\;36.1\%$, respectively. These values were average ones found in the old slags formed in the ancient iron-making process. Assuming that $TiO_2$ in the ore combines with FeO, resulting in the formation of $ulv\ddot{o}spinel$, the estimated temperature of smelting was found to be about $1200^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 1994

Trunk implantation method of phosphamidon 50% Lq.is commonly applied to control the pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis laponensts Uchida et Inouye) Since trunk implantaion is normally practiced during the late Spring, it is often difficult to accommodate necessay labor in mral area. As an alternative, aerial spraylng of less toxic ~nsecticide was designed. Usage of less toxic insecticide in the aenal control of pine needle gall midge can reduce the damage to forest ecosystem. The buproferin, one of the insect growth regulator, was selected at d~fferent rate of dilutions and the treatments effects ruere evaluated at different date and time When 50 t~mes diluted solution of buprofezin 40% SC was treated on different period, there was no significant difference in dficacies. the control efficacies of buproferin 40% SC was measured by occurrences (%) of gall formation of the pine needle gall midge using a ultra low volume (ULV) sprayer and the dilutions of 10X 30X and 50X of buprofez~n 40% SC gave efficacies. 72.4. 57.6 and 8.4, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.403-413
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• 2008

This study was conducted to select excellent tank mix combinations of pesticides for aerial application by manned helicopter. Among 209 pesticide combinations of 3-way tank-mixing for aerial application, a total of 93 recommendable combinations including tricyclazole SC+validamycin-A SL+imidacloprid SL were finally selected for the simultaneous control of key pests on paddy rice such as blast, sheath blight, brown planthopper and moth. The selected combinations were not phytotoxic to rice plants and nearby non-target crops, and excellent in physicochemical properties of ultra low volume (ULV) spray solutions. The efficacies on sheath blight, brown planthoppers and white-backed planthoppers of pesticides sprayed by aerial application were similar to those of pesticides by conventional spraying. Total cost of aerial application in paddy rice was very economical as one fourth level of that of conventional spraying.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 2008

This study was carried out to assess adoptability and environment impacts of ultra low volume (ULV) pesticide spray solutions aerially sprayed by manned-helicopter. Uniformity of the deposited amount in paddy fields was uneven, showing $3.1{\sim}4.7$ times differences among surveyed sites. Drifting distance of aerially sprayed droplets from the target area was within 30 m in the wind direction and 20 m in the opposite direction. Most of the aerially sprayed pesticides were deposited in/on rice plants, while those in submerged paddy water and soil were relatively small. The degradation rate of the deposited pesticides was in the decreasing order of rice plants, paddy water and soil. Soil residues of pesticides in the aerially sprayed rice paddy fields after harvest ranged from non-detected to 0.201 mg/kg. However, no pesticides were detected in brown rice and rice straw. No phytotoxic symtoms were observed in rice plants and nearby non-target crops by the sprayed pesticides.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2008

Present chemical application method using a power sprayer has been labor intensive, costly and ineffective. Therefore, a small agricultural unmanned helicopter was suggested to replace the conventional spray system. In this study, conceptual design for developing the helicopter and a consequential prototype were reported. The overall conceptual design was initiated by deciding the type of agricultural helicopter, as the single rotor helicopter with a tail system. As the first step of the designing, an air-cooled, 2-stroke engine was selected and a prototype transmission was designed by determining the rotating speed of main rotor shaft. A 'pusher' type tail rotor system was adapted to balance the reaction torque and reduce the power use. The tail boom length was designed to avoid the rotating trajectory of the main rotor. The RF console consisted of the engine control, attitude control, and emergency control modules. Assembling the prototype concluded the mechanical development of the agricultural helicopter.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2010

A small unmanned helicopter was suggested to replace the conventional spray system. Aerial application using an agricultural helicopter helps precise and timely spraying, and reduces labor intensity and environmental pollution. In this research, a rotor system (SW05) was developed and its lift capability was evaluated. Lift force for the dead weight of the helicopter was obtained at the grip pitch angle of $12^{\circ}$. As the pitch angle increased to $14^{\circ}$ and $16^{\circ}$, the payload increased to 176 N and 216 N, respectively. Compared with SW04 airfoil performance in the total lift, the SW05 airfoil showed nearly the same capacity, but the payload of the SW05 was reduced because of the increased dead weight. A rated flight condition was defined as lifting mean payload of 294 N with the grip pitch angles of $16{\sim}17^{\circ}$ at the rotor rotating speed of 850~950 rpm for the adjusted engine power. The fuel consumption would be 4.8~6.0 L/hr, and the air temperature of cooling fan should be kept below $160^{\circ}C$.